Aerodynamic Performance and Noise Characteristics of Modified Blade Tip of Small HAWT

Sigit Iswahyudi; Setyawan Bekti Wibowo; Suyitno Suyitno; Agus Suprihanto

doi:10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2024.56.5.8

Aerodynamic Performance and Noise Characteristics of Modified Blade Tip of Small HAWT

Published: 2024-01-01 | DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2024.56.5.8 | Vol 56, Issue 5 (2024) | Cited by: 1

Authors

Sigit Iswahyudi

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Tidar, Jalan Kapten Suparman No. 39 Magelang, 56116

ORCID: 0000-0002-9478-4074 · OpenAlex: A5066186044

Setyawan Bekti Wibowo

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Yacaranda Sekip Unit IV, Yogyakarta, 55281

ORCID: 0000-0002-3067-1660 · OpenAlex: A5060440369

Suyitno Suyitno

Professional Education of Engineers Faculty of Engineering Universitas Diponegoro, Jalan Prof. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang 50275

ORCID: 0000-0003-1786-0798 · OpenAlex: A5100647706

Agus Suprihanto

Professional Education of Engineers Faculty of Engineering Universitas Diponegoro, Jalan Prof. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang 50275

ORCID: 0000-0002-3321-1328 · OpenAlex: A5027637801

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Abstract

The planform design of a wind turbine blade influences its aerodynamic performance and noise characteristics, with the tip shape controlling vortex shedding, power, and noise. This study examined the tip shape’s effect on a small horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT). Field tests were conducted on three rotors: one with straight blades, one with low swept angle (12° and 61° sweep, 15° anhedral) blades, and one with high swept angle (32° and 72° sweep, 15° anhedral) blades. All had three blades, a tip speed ratio (TSR) of 5.24, and an NACA 4412 cross-section. The basic blade rotor and the modified blade 1 rotor had a 2.1 m diameter, while the modified blade 2 rotor had a 2.8 m diameter. The modified blades had revised tips along 10% of the radius. The results showed maximum power coefficients of 0.25, 0.2, and 0.15 for the basic blade, modified blade 1, and modified blade 2, respectively. modified blade 2 exhibited the best starting behavior, needing only 1 m/s wind speed. It also reduced low-frequency noise while increasing high-frequency noise, which is more effectively absorbed by the atmosphere. The swept blade tips lowered power performance but improved start-up and reduced low-frequency noise

Keywords

anhedral; blade planform; noise; sweep; tip shape

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Citations

0.85

FWCIfield-weighted

85th

Percentilevs same year + field

Article

Work type

GOLD

Open Access

Topics

Aerodynamics and Fluid Dynamics Research Primary

1.00

Aerospace Engineering › Engineering › Physical Sciences

Engineering Applied Research

1.00

Turbomachinery Performance and Optimization

0.99

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Citation Trend

2026

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Year	Citations
2026	1

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Core Domains

Aerodynamics 0.74

level 2

Blade (archaeology) 0.73

level 2

Acoustics 0.58

level 1

Secondary Topics

Structural engineering 0.37 Environmental science 0.36 Mathematics 0.35 Physics 0.31 Engineering 0.26 Computer science 0.26 Mechanics 0.24

Institution Network

Universitas Tidar ID
Sigit Iswahyudi
Universitas Gadjah Mada ID
Setyawan Bekti Wibowo
Diponegoro University ID
Suyitno Suyitno · Agus Suprihanto

References

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Hsiao, F.B., Bai, C.J. & Chong, W.T., The Performance Test of Three Different Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) Blade Shapes Using Experimental and Numerical Methods, Energies, 6(6), pp. 2784-2803, 2013.
Singh, R.K. & Ahmed, M.R., Blade Design and Performance Testing of a Small Wind Turbine Rotor for Low Wind Speed Applications, Renewable Energy, 50(2013), pp. 812-819, Sept. 2012.
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Chattot, J.J., Effects of Blade Tip Modifications on Wind Turbine Performance Using Vortex Model, Comput, Fluids, 38(7), pp. 1405-1410, April 2008.
Pavese, C., Kim, T. & Murcia, J.P., Design of a Wind Turbine Swept Blade through Extensive Load Analysis, Renewable Energy, 102(2017), pp. 21-34, Oct. 2016.
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Iswahyudi, S., Sutrisno, Prajitno & Wibowo, S.B., Effect of Blade Tip Shapes on the Performance of a Small HAWT: An Investigation in a Wind Tunnel, Case Study Therm. Eng., 19(2020), pp. 1-9, March 2020.
Eargle, J.M., Electroacoustical Reference Data, Springer Science+Business Media, 2002.

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[ref-1] Göçmen, T. & Özerdem, B., Airfoil Optimization for Noise Emission Problem and Aerodynamic Performance Criterion on Small Scale Wind Turbines, Energy, 46(2012), pp. 62-71, June 2012.

[ref-2] Hsiao, F.B., Bai, C.J. & Chong, W.T., The Performance Test of Three Different Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) Blade Shapes Using Experimental and Numerical Methods, Energies, 6(6), pp. 2784-2803, 2013.

[ref-3] Singh, R.K. & Ahmed, M.R., Blade Design and Performance Testing of a Small Wind Turbine Rotor for Low Wind Speed Applications, Renewable Energy, 50(2013), pp. 812-819, Sept. 2012.

[ref-4] Wang, Q., Wang, J., Chen, J., Luo, S. & Sun, J., Aerodynamic Shape Optimized Design for Wind Turbine Blade Using New Airfoil Series, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 29(7), pp. 2871-2882, 2015.

[ref-5] Chattot, J.J., Effects of Blade Tip Modifications on Wind Turbine Performance Using Vortex Model, Comput, Fluids, 38(7), pp. 1405-1410, April 2008.

[ref-6] Pavese, C., Kim, T. & Murcia, J.P., Design of a Wind Turbine Swept Blade through Extensive Load Analysis, Renewable Energy, 102(2017), pp. 21-34, Oct. 2016.

[ref-7] Shen, X., Yang, H., Chen, J., Zhu, X. & Du, Z., Aerodynamic Shape Optimization of Non-straight Small Wind Turbine Blades, Energy Conversion and Management, 119(2016), pp. 266-278, April 2016.

[ref-8] Dilimulati, A., Stathopoulos, T. & Paraschivoiu, M., Wind Turbine Designs for Urban Applications: A Case Study of Shrouded Diffuser Casing for Turbines, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn, 175(2018), pp. 179-192, September 2017, pp. 179-192, 2018.

[ref-9] Göttlich, E., Research on the Aerodynamics of Intermediate Turbine Diffusers, Prog. Aerosp. Sci., 47(2011), pp. 249-279, April 2011.

[ref-10] Hjort S. & Larsen, H., Rotor Design for Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbines, Energies, 8, pp. 10736-10774, Sept. 2015.

[ref-11] Khamlaj, T.A. & Rumpfkeil, M.P., Theoretical Analysis of Shrouded Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines, Energies, 10(38), pp. 1-19, Jan. 2017.

[ref-12] Ellenbogen, J.M.et al., Wind Turbine Health Impact Study: Report of Independent Expert Panel, Massachusetts Department of Environmental and Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Jan. 2012.

[ref-13] Laratro, A., Arjomandi, M., Kelso, R. & Cazzolato, B., A Discussion of Wind Turbine Interaction and Stall Contributions To Wind Farm Noise, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn, 127(2014), pp. 1-10, Feb. 2014.

[ref-14] Bertagnolio, F., A Noise Generation and Propagation Model for Large Wind Farms a Noise Generation and Propagation Model for Large Wind Farms, in Acoustic for 21st Century, pp. 1–10, 2016.

[ref-15] Technical Committee lSO/TC 43, Acoustics-attenuation of Sound during Propagation Outdoors, in ISO 9613-1, ed. 1, International Organization for Standardization, 1993.

[ref-16] Bertagnolio, F., Aagaard Madsen, H., Fischer, A. & Bak, C., Basic Principles and Evidences of Wind Turbine Noise Generation Mechanisms [Sound/Visual production (digital)], 2015.

[ref-17] Freitag, W. & Schulze, E.T., Blended Winglets Improve Performance, Aero Quartely, https://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_03_09/pdfs/AERO_Q309_article03.pdf, (13 May 2020).

[ref-18] Anderson, J.D., Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, ed. 5, McGraw-Hill, 2011.

[ref-19] Rom, J., High Angle of Attack Aerodynamics, ed. 1, Springer-Verlag, 1992.

[ref-20] Brocklehurst, A. & Barakos. G.N., A Review of Helicopter Rotor Blade Tip Shapes, Prog. Aerosp. Sci., 56(2013), pp. 35-74, August 2013.

[ref-21] Maniaci, D., Wind Turbine Design using a Free-Wake Vortex Method with Winglet Application, PhD dissertation, The Graduate School College of Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, 2013.

[ref-22] Sedaghat, A., Hassanzadeh, A., Jamali, J., Mostafaeipour, A. & Chen, W., Determination of Rated Wind Speed for Maximum Annual Energy Production of Variable Speed Wind Turbines, Appl. Energy, 205(2017), pp. 781-789, August 2017.

[ref-23] Ragheb, M. & Ragheb, A.M., Wind Turbines Theory - the Betz Equation and Optimal Rotor Tip Speed Ratio, Fundamental and Advanced Topics in Wind Power, Rupp Carriveau, pp. 19-38, 2011.

[ref-24] Gundtoft, S., Wind Turbines, Ed. 2, University College of Arhus, 2009.

[ref-25] Commission, I.E., IEC 61400-12-1: Power Performance Measurements of Electricity Producing Wind Turbines, in Wind turbines, 1st ed., Geneva, International Electrotechnical Commission, 2005.

[ref-26] IEC 61400-11:2006, Wind Turbine Generator Systems-Acoustic Noise Measurement Techniques, International Electrotechnical Commission, 2006.

[ref-27] Iswahyudi, S., Sutrisno, Prajitno & Wibowo, S.B., Effect of Blade Tip Shapes on the Performance of a Small HAWT: An Investigation in a Wind Tunnel, Case Study Therm. Eng., 19(2020), pp. 1-9, March 2020.

[ref-28] Eargle, J.M., Electroacoustical Reference Data, Springer Science+Business Media, 2002.