Real-time Monitoring of Carbon Dioxide with IoT ThingSpeak using TiO2 Thick Film Gas Sensor

Siti Amaniah Mohd Chachuli; Wong Hui Ying; Nur Hazahsha Shamsudin; Omer Coban

doi:10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2024.56.5.4

Real-time Monitoring of Carbon Dioxide with IoT ThingSpeak using TiO2 Thick Film Gas Sensor

Published: 2024-01-01 | DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2024.56.5.4 | Vol 56, Issue 5 (2024) | Cited by: 3

Authors

Siti Amaniah Mohd Chachuli

Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Komputer, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka

ORCID: 0000-0001-7682-9913 · OpenAlex: A5040775291

Wong Hui Ying

Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Komputer, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka

OpenAlex: A5109797407

Nur Hazahsha Shamsudin

Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Elektrik, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka

ORCID: 0000-0002-6126-3969 · OpenAlex: A5081802792

Omer Coban

Faculty of Engineering, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240

ORCID: 0000-0003-4312-9026 · OpenAlex: A5067372213

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Abstract

Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless, and non-flammable gas and is claimed to be the fourth most abundant in the earth

Keywords

arduino; internet of things; kapton film; screen-printing technique; titanium dioxide gas sensor

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Research Intelligence

Data from OpenAlex ↗

Metrics

Citations

0.34

FWCIfield-weighted

50th

Percentilevs same year + field

Article

Work type

GOLD

Open Access

Topics

Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and Sensors Primary

0.94

Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Engineering › Physical Sciences

Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies

0.91

Water Quality Monitoring Technologies

0.90

Related Research

Citation Trend

2024

2025

Citation Timeline

Year	Citations
2025	2
2024	1

Semantic Profile AI-classified research signals

Core Domains

Carbon dioxide 0.74

level 2

Internet of Things 0.71

level 2

Materials science 0.44

level 0

Secondary Topics

Environmental science 0.43 Real-time computing 0.42 Process engineering 0.38 Computer science 0.34 Waste management 0.33 Engineering 0.23 Chemistry 0.22

Institution Network

Technical University of Malaysia Malacca MY
Siti Amaniah Mohd Chachuli · Wong Hui Ying · Nur Hazahsha Shamsudin
Atatürk University TR
Ömer Çoban

References

Ritchie, H. & Roser, M., CO2 Emissions, https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions (October 02, 2023).
George, A., Shen, B., Craven, M., Wang, Y., Kang, D., Wu, C. & Tu, X., A Review of Non-thermal Plasma Technology: A Novel Solution for CO2 Conversion and Utilization, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 135, 109702, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.109702. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.109702
Prakash, S., Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity: An Overview, Int. J. Biol. Innov., 3(2), pp. 312-317,2021.
Manabe, S., Role of Greenhouse Gas in Climate Change, Tellus, Ser. A Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanogr., 71(1), pp. 1-13, 2019. doi: 10.1080/16000870.2019.1620078. DOI: 10.1080/16000870.2019.1620078
Yoro, K.O. & Daramola, M.O., CO2 Emission Sources, Greenhouse Gases, and the Global Warming Effect, pp. 3-28, Elsevier Inc., 2020.
Reveshti, A.M., Ebrahimpour, A. & Razmara, J., Investigating the Effect of New and Old Weather Data on the Energy Consumption of Buildings Affected by Global Warming in Different Climates, Int. J. Thermofluids, 19, 100377, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.ijft.2023.100377. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijft.2023.100377
Calleja-Agius, J., England, K. & Calleja, N., The Effect of Global Warming on Mortality, Early Hum. Dev., 155, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105222. DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105222
Piwowarczyk, R. & Kolanowska, M., Predicting the Effect of Global Warming on the Distribution of a Polyphagous Tree Parasite, Orobanche Laxissima, based on Climatic and Ecological Data, Glob. Ecol. Conserv., 44, e02486, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02486. DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02486
Terrenoire, E., Hauglustaine, D.A., Gasser, T. & Penanhoat, O., The Contribution of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Aviation Sector to Future Climate Change, Environ. Res. Lett., 14(8), 0840192019. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab3086. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab3086
Töbelmann, D. & Wendler, T., The Impact of Environmental Innovation on Carbon Dioxide Emissions, J. Clean. Prod., 244, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118787. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118787
Lacetera, N., Impact of Climate Change on Animal Health and Welfare, Anim. Front., 9(1), pp. 26-31, 2019. doi: 10.1093/af/vfy030. DOI: 10.1093/af/vfy030
Permentier, K., Vercammen, S., Soetaert, S. & Schellemans, C., Carbon Dioxide Poisoning: A Literature Review of an Often Forgotten Cause of Intoxication in the Emergency Department, Int. J. Emerg. Med., 10(1), pp. 17-20, 2017. doi: 10.1186/s12245-017-0142-y. DOI: 10.1186/s12245-017-0142-y
Erdmann C.A. & Apte, M.G., Mucous Membrane and Lower Respiratory Building Related Symptoms in Relation to Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in the 100-Building BASE Dataset, Indoor Air, Suppl., 14(8), pp. 127-134, 2004. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00298.x. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00298.x
Mohd Azmi, N.Z., Buthiyappan, A., Abdul Raman, A.A., Abdul Patah, M.F. & Sufian, S., Recent Advances in Biomass based Activated Carbon for Carbon Dioxide Capture – A Review, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 116, pp. 1-20, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.08.021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.08.021
Onkar, S.G., Raghuwanshi, F.C., Patil, D.R. & Krishnakumar, T., Synthesis, Characterization and Gas Sensing Study of SnO2 Thick Film Sensor Towards H2S, NH3, LPG and CO2, Mater. Today Proc., 23, pp. 190-201, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.017. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.017
Karthik, T.V.K., Martinez, L. & Agarwal, V., Porous Silicon Zno/SnO2 Structures for CO2 Detection, J. Alloys Compd., 731, pp. 853-863, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.10.070. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.10.070
Bhowmick, T., Ghosh, A., Nag, S. & Majumder, S.B., Sensitive and Selective CO2 Gas Sensor based on CuO/ZnO Bilayer Thin-film Architecture, J. Alloys Compd., 903, 163871, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.163871. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.163871
Thomas, T., Kumar, Y., Ramón, J.A.R., Agarwal, V., Guzmán, S.S., R, Reshmi, Pushpan, S., Loredo, S.L. & Sanal, K.C., Porous Silicon/Α-MoO3 Nanohybrid based Fast and Highly Sensitive CO2 Gas Sensors, Vacuum, 184, 109983, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109983. DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109983
Tanvir, N.B., Yurchenko, O., Laubender, E. & Urban, G., Investigation of Low Temperature Effects on Work Function Based CO2 Gas Sensing of Nanoparticulate CuO Films, Sensors Actuators, B Chem., 247, pp. 968-974, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2016.11.020. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2016.11.020
Yadav, A.A., Lokhande, A.C., Kim, J.H. & Lokhande, C.D., Enhanced Sensitivity and Selectivity of CO2 Gas Sensor based on Modified La2O3 Nanorods, J. Alloys Compd., 723, pp. 880-886, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.06.223. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.06.223
Dutta, T., Noushin, T., Tabassum, S.& Mishra, S.K., Road Map of Semiconductor Metal-Oxide-Based Sensors: A Review, Sensors, 23(15), 6849, 2023. doi: 10.3390/s23156849. DOI: 10.3390/s23156849
Shamsudin, N.H., Shafie, S., Ab Kadir, M.Z.A., Ahmad, F., Sulaiman, Y., Chachuli, S.A.M., Razali, M.C., Flexible Back-illuminated Dye Sensitised Solar Cells (Dsscs) with Titanium Dioxide/Silver Nanoparticles Composite Photoanode for Improvement of Power Conversion Efficiency, Optik (Stuttg)., 272, 170237, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.170237. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.170237
Ezairi, S., Elouafi, A., Lmai, F., Tizliouine, A. & Elbachiri, A., Effect of Cerium Doping in Tuning the Optical and Photoluminescence Properties of TiO2 Nanoparticles, J Mater Sci Mater Electron, 34(28), 1924, 2023.
Ezairi, S., Elouafi, A., Lmai, F. & Tizliouine, A., Enhancement of Structural, Linear and Non-linear Optical Properties of Ti1−Xca2xo2 Solid Solutions, Phys. Scr., 97(11), 2022.
Lu, N., Fan, S., Zhao, Y., Yang, B., Hua, Z. & Wu, Y., A Selective Methane Gas Sensor with Printed Catalytic Films as Active Filters, Sensors Actuators B Chem., 347, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.130603. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.130603
Kilinç, N., Şennik, E., Işik, M., Ahsen, A.Ş., Öztürk, O. & Öztürk, Z.Z., Fabrication and Gas Sensing Properties of C-doped and Un-doped TiO2 Nanotubes, Ceram. Int., 40(1) PART A, pp. 109-115, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.05.110. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.05.110
Chachuli, S.A.M., Nizar Hamidon, M., Ertugrul, M., Mamat, M.S., Jaafar, H. & Shamsudin, N.H., TiO2/B2O3 Thick Film Gas Sensor for Monitoring Carbon Monoxide at Different Operating Temperatures, in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1432(1), 2020. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1432/1/012040. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1432/1/012040
Chachuli, S.A.M, Hamidon, M.N., Ertugurl, M., Mamat, M.S., Coban, O., Shamsudin, N.H. & Arith, F., Effects of Silver Diffusement on TiO2-B2O3 Nanocomposite Sensor Towards Hydrogen Sensing, Mater. Res. Innov., pp. 1-14, 2024. doi: 10.1080/14328917.2024.2304480. DOI: 10.1080/14328917.2024.2304480
Chachuli, S.A.M., Nizar, M., Mehmet, H., Shuhazlly, E. & Omer, M., Comparative Analysis of Hydrogen Sensing based on Treated‑TiO2 in Thick Film Gas Sensor, Appl. Phys. A, 128, 196, 2022. doi: 10.1007/s00339-022-05738-z. DOI: 10.1007/s00339-022-05738-z
Georgiana, M., Scarisoareanu, A., Morjan, I., Dutu, E., Badiceanu, M. & Mihailescu, I., Applied Surface Science Principal Component Analysis of Raman Spectra for TiO2 Nanoparticle Characterization, Appl. Surf. Sci., 417, pp. 93-103, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.01.193. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.01.193
Duan, X., Jiang, Y., Liu, B., Duan, Z., Zhang, Y., Yuan, Z. & Tai, H., Enhancing the Carbon Dioxide Sensing Performance of Lafeo3 by Co Doping, Sensors Actuators B Chem., 402(October 2023), 135136, 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2023.135136. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2023.135136

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[ref-1] Ritchie, H. & Roser, M., CO2 Emissions, https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions (October 02, 2023).

[ref-2] George, A., Shen, B., Craven, M., Wang, Y., Kang, D., Wu, C. & Tu, X., A Review of Non-thermal Plasma Technology: A Novel Solution for CO2 Conversion and Utilization, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 135, 109702, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.109702. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.109702

[ref-3] Prakash, S., Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity: An Overview, Int. J. Biol. Innov., 3(2), pp. 312-317,2021.

[ref-4] Manabe, S., Role of Greenhouse Gas in Climate Change, Tellus, Ser. A Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanogr., 71(1), pp. 1-13, 2019. doi: 10.1080/16000870.2019.1620078. DOI: 10.1080/16000870.2019.1620078

[ref-5] Yoro, K.O. & Daramola, M.O., CO2 Emission Sources, Greenhouse Gases, and the Global Warming Effect, pp. 3-28, Elsevier Inc., 2020.

[ref-6] Reveshti, A.M., Ebrahimpour, A. & Razmara, J., Investigating the Effect of New and Old Weather Data on the Energy Consumption of Buildings Affected by Global Warming in Different Climates, Int. J. Thermofluids, 19, 100377, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.ijft.2023.100377. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijft.2023.100377

[ref-7] Calleja-Agius, J., England, K. & Calleja, N., The Effect of Global Warming on Mortality, Early Hum. Dev., 155, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105222. DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105222

[ref-8] Piwowarczyk, R. & Kolanowska, M., Predicting the Effect of Global Warming on the Distribution of a Polyphagous Tree Parasite, Orobanche Laxissima, based on Climatic and Ecological Data, Glob. Ecol. Conserv., 44, e02486, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02486. DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02486

[ref-9] Terrenoire, E., Hauglustaine, D.A., Gasser, T. & Penanhoat, O., The Contribution of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Aviation Sector to Future Climate Change, Environ. Res. Lett., 14(8), 0840192019. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab3086. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab3086

[ref-10] Töbelmann, D. & Wendler, T., The Impact of Environmental Innovation on Carbon Dioxide Emissions, J. Clean. Prod., 244, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118787. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118787

[ref-11] Lacetera, N., Impact of Climate Change on Animal Health and Welfare, Anim. Front., 9(1), pp. 26-31, 2019. doi: 10.1093/af/vfy030. DOI: 10.1093/af/vfy030

[ref-12] Permentier, K., Vercammen, S., Soetaert, S. & Schellemans, C., Carbon Dioxide Poisoning: A Literature Review of an Often Forgotten Cause of Intoxication in the Emergency Department, Int. J. Emerg. Med., 10(1), pp. 17-20, 2017. doi: 10.1186/s12245-017-0142-y. DOI: 10.1186/s12245-017-0142-y

[ref-13] Erdmann C.A. & Apte, M.G., Mucous Membrane and Lower Respiratory Building Related Symptoms in Relation to Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in the 100-Building BASE Dataset, Indoor Air, Suppl., 14(8), pp. 127-134, 2004. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00298.x. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00298.x

[ref-14] Mohd Azmi, N.Z., Buthiyappan, A., Abdul Raman, A.A., Abdul Patah, M.F. & Sufian, S., Recent Advances in Biomass based Activated Carbon for Carbon Dioxide Capture – A Review, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 116, pp. 1-20, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.08.021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.08.021

[ref-15] Onkar, S.G., Raghuwanshi, F.C., Patil, D.R. & Krishnakumar, T., Synthesis, Characterization and Gas Sensing Study of SnO2 Thick Film Sensor Towards H2S, NH3, LPG and CO2, Mater. Today Proc., 23, pp. 190-201, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.017. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.017

[ref-16] Karthik, T.V.K., Martinez, L. & Agarwal, V., Porous Silicon Zno/SnO2 Structures for CO2 Detection, J. Alloys Compd., 731, pp. 853-863, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.10.070. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.10.070

[ref-17] Bhowmick, T., Ghosh, A., Nag, S. & Majumder, S.B., Sensitive and Selective CO2 Gas Sensor based on CuO/ZnO Bilayer Thin-film Architecture, J. Alloys Compd., 903, 163871, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.163871. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.163871

[ref-18] Thomas, T., Kumar, Y., Ramón, J.A.R., Agarwal, V., Guzmán, S.S., R, Reshmi, Pushpan, S., Loredo, S.L. & Sanal, K.C., Porous Silicon/Α-MoO3 Nanohybrid based Fast and Highly Sensitive CO2 Gas Sensors, Vacuum, 184, 109983, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109983. DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109983

[ref-19] Tanvir, N.B., Yurchenko, O., Laubender, E. & Urban, G., Investigation of Low Temperature Effects on Work Function Based CO2 Gas Sensing of Nanoparticulate CuO Films, Sensors Actuators, B Chem., 247, pp. 968-974, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2016.11.020. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2016.11.020

[ref-20] Yadav, A.A., Lokhande, A.C., Kim, J.H. & Lokhande, C.D., Enhanced Sensitivity and Selectivity of CO2 Gas Sensor based on Modified La2O3 Nanorods, J. Alloys Compd., 723, pp. 880-886, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.06.223. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.06.223

[ref-21] Dutta, T., Noushin, T., Tabassum, S.& Mishra, S.K., Road Map of Semiconductor Metal-Oxide-Based Sensors: A Review, Sensors, 23(15), 6849, 2023. doi: 10.3390/s23156849. DOI: 10.3390/s23156849

[ref-22] Shamsudin, N.H., Shafie, S., Ab Kadir, M.Z.A., Ahmad, F., Sulaiman, Y., Chachuli, S.A.M., Razali, M.C., Flexible Back-illuminated Dye Sensitised Solar Cells (Dsscs) with Titanium Dioxide/Silver Nanoparticles Composite Photoanode for Improvement of Power Conversion Efficiency, Optik (Stuttg)., 272, 170237, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.170237. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.170237

[ref-23] Ezairi, S., Elouafi, A., Lmai, F., Tizliouine, A. & Elbachiri, A., Effect of Cerium Doping in Tuning the Optical and Photoluminescence Properties of TiO2 Nanoparticles, J Mater Sci Mater Electron, 34(28), 1924, 2023.

[ref-24] Ezairi, S., Elouafi, A., Lmai, F. & Tizliouine, A., Enhancement of Structural, Linear and Non-linear Optical Properties of Ti1−Xca2xo2 Solid Solutions, Phys. Scr., 97(11), 2022.

[ref-25] Lu, N., Fan, S., Zhao, Y., Yang, B., Hua, Z. & Wu, Y., A Selective Methane Gas Sensor with Printed Catalytic Films as Active Filters, Sensors Actuators B Chem., 347, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.130603. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.130603

[ref-26] Kilinç, N., Şennik, E., Işik, M., Ahsen, A.Ş., Öztürk, O. & Öztürk, Z.Z., Fabrication and Gas Sensing Properties of C-doped and Un-doped TiO2 Nanotubes, Ceram. Int., 40(1) PART A, pp. 109-115, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.05.110. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.05.110

[ref-27] Chachuli, S.A.M., Nizar Hamidon, M., Ertugrul, M., Mamat, M.S., Jaafar, H. & Shamsudin, N.H., TiO2/B2O3 Thick Film Gas Sensor for Monitoring Carbon Monoxide at Different Operating Temperatures, in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1432(1), 2020. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1432/1/012040. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1432/1/012040

[ref-28] Chachuli, S.A.M, Hamidon, M.N., Ertugurl, M., Mamat, M.S., Coban, O., Shamsudin, N.H. & Arith, F., Effects of Silver Diffusement on TiO2-B2O3 Nanocomposite Sensor Towards Hydrogen Sensing, Mater. Res. Innov., pp. 1-14, 2024. doi: 10.1080/14328917.2024.2304480. DOI: 10.1080/14328917.2024.2304480

[ref-29] Chachuli, S.A.M., Nizar, M., Mehmet, H., Shuhazlly, E. & Omer, M., Comparative Analysis of Hydrogen Sensing based on Treated‑TiO2 in Thick Film Gas Sensor, Appl. Phys. A, 128, 196, 2022. doi: 10.1007/s00339-022-05738-z. DOI: 10.1007/s00339-022-05738-z

[ref-30] Georgiana, M., Scarisoareanu, A., Morjan, I., Dutu, E., Badiceanu, M. & Mihailescu, I., Applied Surface Science Principal Component Analysis of Raman Spectra for TiO2 Nanoparticle Characterization, Appl. Surf. Sci., 417, pp. 93-103, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.01.193. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.01.193

[ref-31] Duan, X., Jiang, Y., Liu, B., Duan, Z., Zhang, Y., Yuan, Z. & Tai, H., Enhancing the Carbon Dioxide Sensing Performance of Lafeo3 by Co Doping, Sensors Actuators B Chem., 402(October 2023), 135136, 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2023.135136. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2023.135136