Enhancement of Crashworthiness Parameters Using a Bitubular Tube with Various Tube Lengths

Samer Fakhri Abdulqadir; Zinah Jumaah Ahmed; Wekar M. Khalaf; Dhafer Fakir Alrawi; Haitham Kamil Dawood

doi:10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2025.57.2.8

Enhancement of Crashworthiness Parameters Using a Bitubular Tube with Various Tube Lengths

Published: 2025-01-01 | DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2025.57.2.8 | Vol 57, Issue 2 (2025)

Authors

Samer Fakhri Abdulqadir

ORCID: 0000-0002-3834-6264 · OpenAlex: A5063362803

Zinah Jumaah Ahmed

OpenAlex: A5005620445

Wekar M. Khalaf

OpenAlex: A5028273695

Dhafer Fakir Alrawi

OpenAlex: A5116453277

Haitham Kamil Dawood

ORCID: 0000-0002-7323-8162 · OpenAlex: A5032431401

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Abstract

The study aims to investigate the effect of numerical analysis on a bitubular circular tube subjected to dynamic loading. To compare its performance, a circular monotube specimen with a perimeter of 300 mm, a thickness of 2 mm, and a length of 350 mm was used as a reference. The bitubular circular tubes consist of two tubes, an inner and an outer. The outer tube

Keywords

bitubular; CFE; inner tube; peak force; tube perimeter

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Topics

Transportation Safety and Impact Analysis Primary

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Civil and Structural Engineering › Engineering › Physical Sciences

Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics

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Cellular and Composite Structures

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Materials science 0.44

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Mathematics 0.32 Engineering 0.31 Structural engineering 0.27

Institution Network

University of Anbar IQ
Samer Fakhri Abdulqadir · Zinah J. Ahmed · Wekar M. Khalaf · Dhafer Fakir Alrawi · H. K. Dawood

References

Abdulqadir, S., Alaseel, B., & Ansari, M. N. M. (2021). Materials Today : Proceedings Simulation of Thin-Walled Double Hexagonal Aluminium 5754 Alloy Foam-Filled Section Subjected to Direct and Oblique Loading. Materials Today: Proceedings, 42, 2822–2828. https://doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.728 DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.728
Abdulqadir, S., F. (2018). Design a New Energy Absorber Longitudinal Member and Compare with S-Shaped Design to Enhance the Energy Absorption Capability. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 57(4), 3405–3418. https://doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2018.07.012 DOI: 10.1016/j.aej.2018.07.012
Abdulqadir, S. F., Alaseel, B., H., & Sameer, J., O. (2024). Comparison of the Mechanical Properties and Approach to Numerical Modeling of Fiber-Reinforced Composite. High-Strength Steel and Aluminum, 56(1), 110–124. https://doi: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.56.1.9 DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.56.1.9
Abdulqadir, S. F., Abdulmajeed, A.B., Ansari, M. N. M. & Shareef., R. S. (2021). Effect of the Web, Face Sides and Arc’s Dimensions on the Open Top-Hat Structure Performance Subjected to a Flexural Static Loading. Materials Today: Proceedings, 42, 2866–2872. https://doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.736 DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.736
Abdulqadir, S. F., , & Tarlochan , F. (2021). An Experimental Validation of Numerical Model for Top-Hat Tubular Structure Subjected to Axial Crush. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 11(11), 1–13. https://doi: 10.3390/app11114792 DOI: 10.3390/app11114792
Abdulqadir, S. F., Tarlochan, F. (2022). Composite Hat Structure Design for Vehicle Safety : Potential Application to B-Pillar and Door Intrusion Beam. Materials 2022, 15(3), 1084; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15031084 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031084
Ahmad, Z., & Thambiratnam, D. P. (2009). Dynamic Computer Simulation and Energy Absorption of Foam-Filled Conical Tubes under Axial Impact Loading. Computers and Structures 87(3–4), 186–197. https://doi: 10.1016/j.compstruc.2008.10.003 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruc.2008.10.003
Aljawi, A. A. N., Abd-Rabou, M.,& Asiri , S., . 2004. Finite Element and Experimental Analysis of Square Tubes under Dynamic Axial Crushing. European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering. Jyväskylä, 24—28 July 2004.
Azarakhsh, S., Rahi, A., Ghamarian, A., & Motamedi , H., (2015). Axial Crushing Analysis of Empty and Foam-Filled Brass Bitubular Cylinder Tubes. Thin-Walled Structures, 95, 60–72. https://doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2015.05.019 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2015.05.019
Azimi, M., B., & Asgari , M., (2016). A New Bi-Tubular Conical-Circular Structure for Improving Crushing Behavior under Axial and Oblique Impacts. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 105, 253–265. https://doi: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2015.11.012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2015.11.012
Davies, H., C., & Edwards, M., n.d. “Assessment of Car Compatibility Performance And.” (February 2015).
Dehghan-Manshadi, B., Mahmudi, H., Abedian, A.,& Mahmudi, R. (2007). A Novel Method for Materials Selection in Mechanical Design: Combination of Non-Linear Normalization and a Modified Digital Logic Method. Materials and Design, 28(1), 8–15. https://doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2005.06.023 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2005.06.023
Estrada, Q., Szwedowicz, D., Rodriguez-Mendez, A., Elías-Espinosa, M., Silva-Aceves, J., Bedolla-Hernández, J., & Gómez-Vargas, O. A. (2019) Effect of Radial Clearance and Holes as Crush Initiators on the Crashworthiness Performance of Bi-Tubular Profiles. Thin-Walled Structures, 140, 43–59. https://doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2019.02.039 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2019.02.039
Goel, M. D., (2015). Deformation, Energy Absorption and Crushing Behavior of Single-, Double- and Multi-Wall Foam Filled Square and Circular Tubes. Thin-Walled Structures, 90, 1–11. https://doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2015.01.004 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2015.01.004
Kashani, M., H., Alavijeh,H., S., Akbarshahi, H., & Shakeri, M. (2013) Bitubular Square Tubes with Different Arrangements under Quasi-Static Axial Compression Loading. Materials and Design, 51, 1095–1103. https://doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.084 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.084
Isaac C. W., & Oluwole O. (2015). Finite-Element-Comparative-Analysis-of-the-Crushing-Behaviour-of-Square-Steel-Tubes.Docx. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 6(7), 1650–1655.
Jafarian, B., & Rezvani, M. J., (2017). An Experimental Investigation on Energy Absorption of Thin-Walled Bitubal Structures by Inversion and Axial Collapse. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 126, 270–280. https://doi: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.03.005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.03.005
Kaklauskas, A., Zavadskas, E., K., Raslanas, S., Ginevicius, R., Komka, A., & Malinauskas, P. (2006). Selection of Low-e Windows in Retrofit of Public Buildings by Applying Multiple Criteria Method COPRAS: A Lithuanian Case. Energy and Buildings 38(5), 454–62. https://doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.08.005 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.08.005
Kamran, M., Xue, P., Ahmed, N., Zahran, M. S., & Hanif, A. A. G. (2017). Axial Crushing of Uni-Sectional Bi-Tubular Inner Tubes with Multiple Outer Cross-Sections. Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, 14(12), 2198–2220. https://doi: 10.1590/1679-78254175 DOI: 10.1590/1679-78254175
Lankarani, H. M. (2006). Finite element modeling of energy absorption characteristic of hybrid structure-composite wrapped on a square metal tube. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/33719500
Rahi, A. (2018). Controlling Energy Absorption Capacity of Combined Bitubular Tubes under Axial Loading. Thin-Walled Structures 123, 222–31. https://doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2017.11.032 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2017.11.032
Samer, F., Abed, A. A., & Alaseel B. (2021). Crashworthiness Enhancement of Thin-Walled Hexagonal Tubes under Flexural Loads by Using Different Stiffener Geometries. Materials Today: Proceedings, 42, 2887–2895.
Seitzberger, M., Rammerstorfer, F., G., Gradinger, R., Degischer,H., P., Blaimschein, M., & Walch, C. 2000. Experimental Studies on the Quasi-Static Axial Crushing of Steel Columns Filled with Aluminium Foam. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 37(30), 4125–4147. https://doi: 10.1016/S0020-7683(99)00136-5 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7683(99
Sharifi, S., Shakeri, M., Fakhari, H. E., & Bodaghi, M. (2015). Experimental Investigation of Bitubal Circular Energy Absorbers under Quasi-Static Axial Load. Thin-Walled Structures, 89, 42–53.https://doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2014.12.008 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2014.12.008
Tarlochan, F. & Samer, F. (2013). Design of Thin Wall Structures for Energy Absorption Applications: Design for Crash Injuries Mitigation Using Magnesium Alloy. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 2(7), 24–36.
Tarlochan, F., Samer, F., Hamouda, A., M., S., Ramesh, S., & Khalid, K. (2013). Design of Thin Wall Structures for Energy Absorption Applications: Enhancement of Crashworthiness due to Axial and Oblique Impact Forces. Thin-Walled Structures, 71, 7–17. https://doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2013.04.003 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2013.04.003
Vinayagar, K., Kumar, A. S., Vel Vignesh, M., & Gokulan, K. (2020). Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Interaction Effect on Energy Absorption of Bi-Tubular Structures Under Quasi-Static Axial Crushing. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering Proceedings of ICDMC 2019, 491–503.
Vinayagar, K., & Kumar, A. S. (2017). Crashworthiness Analysis of Double Section Bi-Tubular Thin-Walled Structures. Thin-Walled Structures, 112, 184–193. https://doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2016.12.008 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2016.12.008
Witteman, W. J. (1999). Improved vehicle crashworthiness design by control of the energy absorption for different collision situations (Doctoral dissertation). Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR518429 DOI: 10.6100/ir518429
Zhang, Y., Sun, G., Li, G., Luo, Z. , & Li., Q. (2012). Optimization of Foam-Filled Bitubal Structures for Crashworthiness Criteria. Materials and Design, 38, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.01.028 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.01.028

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[ref-1] Abdulqadir, S., Alaseel, B., & Ansari, M. N. M. (2021). Materials Today : Proceedings Simulation of Thin-Walled Double Hexagonal Aluminium 5754 Alloy Foam-Filled Section Subjected to Direct and Oblique Loading. Materials Today: Proceedings, 42, 2822–2828. https://doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.728 DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.728

[ref-2] Abdulqadir, S., F. (2018). Design a New Energy Absorber Longitudinal Member and Compare with S-Shaped Design to Enhance the Energy Absorption Capability. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 57(4), 3405–3418. https://doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2018.07.012 DOI: 10.1016/j.aej.2018.07.012

[ref-3] Abdulqadir, S. F., Alaseel, B., H., & Sameer, J., O. (2024). Comparison of the Mechanical Properties and Approach to Numerical Modeling of Fiber-Reinforced Composite. High-Strength Steel and Aluminum, 56(1), 110–124. https://doi: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.56.1.9 DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.56.1.9

[ref-4] Abdulqadir, S. F., Abdulmajeed, A.B., Ansari, M. N. M. & Shareef., R. S. (2021). Effect of the Web, Face Sides and Arc’s Dimensions on the Open Top-Hat Structure Performance Subjected to a Flexural Static Loading. Materials Today: Proceedings, 42, 2866–2872. https://doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.736 DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.736

[ref-5] Abdulqadir, S. F., , & Tarlochan , F. (2021). An Experimental Validation of Numerical Model for Top-Hat Tubular Structure Subjected to Axial Crush. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 11(11), 1–13. https://doi: 10.3390/app11114792 DOI: 10.3390/app11114792

[ref-6] Abdulqadir, S. F., Tarlochan, F. (2022). Composite Hat Structure Design for Vehicle Safety : Potential Application to B-Pillar and Door Intrusion Beam. Materials 2022, 15(3), 1084; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15031084 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031084

[ref-7] Ahmad, Z., & Thambiratnam, D. P. (2009). Dynamic Computer Simulation and Energy Absorption of Foam-Filled Conical Tubes under Axial Impact Loading. Computers and Structures 87(3–4), 186–197. https://doi: 10.1016/j.compstruc.2008.10.003 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruc.2008.10.003

[ref-8] Aljawi, A. A. N., Abd-Rabou, M.,& Asiri , S., . 2004. Finite Element and Experimental Analysis of Square Tubes under Dynamic Axial Crushing. European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering. Jyväskylä, 24—28 July 2004.

[ref-9] Azarakhsh, S., Rahi, A., Ghamarian, A., & Motamedi , H., (2015). Axial Crushing Analysis of Empty and Foam-Filled Brass Bitubular Cylinder Tubes. Thin-Walled Structures, 95, 60–72. https://doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2015.05.019 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2015.05.019

[ref-10] Azimi, M., B., & Asgari , M., (2016). A New Bi-Tubular Conical-Circular Structure for Improving Crushing Behavior under Axial and Oblique Impacts. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 105, 253–265. https://doi: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2015.11.012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2015.11.012

[ref-11] Davies, H., C., & Edwards, M., n.d. “Assessment of Car Compatibility Performance And.” (February 2015).

[ref-12] Dehghan-Manshadi, B., Mahmudi, H., Abedian, A.,& Mahmudi, R. (2007). A Novel Method for Materials Selection in Mechanical Design: Combination of Non-Linear Normalization and a Modified Digital Logic Method. Materials and Design, 28(1), 8–15. https://doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2005.06.023 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2005.06.023

[ref-13] Estrada, Q., Szwedowicz, D., Rodriguez-Mendez, A., Elías-Espinosa, M., Silva-Aceves, J., Bedolla-Hernández, J., & Gómez-Vargas, O. A. (2019) Effect of Radial Clearance and Holes as Crush Initiators on the Crashworthiness Performance of Bi-Tubular Profiles. Thin-Walled Structures, 140, 43–59. https://doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2019.02.039 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2019.02.039

[ref-14] Goel, M. D., (2015). Deformation, Energy Absorption and Crushing Behavior of Single-, Double- and Multi-Wall Foam Filled Square and Circular Tubes. Thin-Walled Structures, 90, 1–11. https://doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2015.01.004 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2015.01.004

[ref-15] Kashani, M., H., Alavijeh,H., S., Akbarshahi, H., & Shakeri, M. (2013) Bitubular Square Tubes with Different Arrangements under Quasi-Static Axial Compression Loading. Materials and Design, 51, 1095–1103. https://doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.084 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.084

[ref-16] Isaac C. W., & Oluwole O. (2015). Finite-Element-Comparative-Analysis-of-the-Crushing-Behaviour-of-Square-Steel-Tubes.Docx. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 6(7), 1650–1655.

[ref-17] Jafarian, B., & Rezvani, M. J., (2017). An Experimental Investigation on Energy Absorption of Thin-Walled Bitubal Structures by Inversion and Axial Collapse. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 126, 270–280. https://doi: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.03.005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.03.005

[ref-18] Kaklauskas, A., Zavadskas, E., K., Raslanas, S., Ginevicius, R., Komka, A., & Malinauskas, P. (2006). Selection of Low-e Windows in Retrofit of Public Buildings by Applying Multiple Criteria Method COPRAS: A Lithuanian Case. Energy and Buildings 38(5), 454–62. https://doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.08.005 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.08.005

[ref-19] Kamran, M., Xue, P., Ahmed, N., Zahran, M. S., & Hanif, A. A. G. (2017). Axial Crushing of Uni-Sectional Bi-Tubular Inner Tubes with Multiple Outer Cross-Sections. Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, 14(12), 2198–2220. https://doi: 10.1590/1679-78254175 DOI: 10.1590/1679-78254175

[ref-20] Lankarani, H. M. (2006). Finite element modeling of energy absorption characteristic of hybrid structure-composite wrapped on a square metal tube. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/33719500

[ref-21] Rahi, A. (2018). Controlling Energy Absorption Capacity of Combined Bitubular Tubes under Axial Loading. Thin-Walled Structures 123, 222–31. https://doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2017.11.032 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2017.11.032

[ref-22] Samer, F., Abed, A. A., & Alaseel B. (2021). Crashworthiness Enhancement of Thin-Walled Hexagonal Tubes under Flexural Loads by Using Different Stiffener Geometries. Materials Today: Proceedings, 42, 2887–2895.

[ref-23] Seitzberger, M., Rammerstorfer, F., G., Gradinger, R., Degischer,H., P., Blaimschein, M., & Walch, C. 2000. Experimental Studies on the Quasi-Static Axial Crushing of Steel Columns Filled with Aluminium Foam. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 37(30), 4125–4147. https://doi: 10.1016/S0020-7683(99)00136-5 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7683(99

[ref-24] Sharifi, S., Shakeri, M., Fakhari, H. E., & Bodaghi, M. (2015). Experimental Investigation of Bitubal Circular Energy Absorbers under Quasi-Static Axial Load. Thin-Walled Structures, 89, 42–53.https://doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2014.12.008 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2014.12.008

[ref-25] Tarlochan, F. & Samer, F. (2013). Design of Thin Wall Structures for Energy Absorption Applications: Design for Crash Injuries Mitigation Using Magnesium Alloy. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 2(7), 24–36.

[ref-26] Tarlochan, F., Samer, F., Hamouda, A., M., S., Ramesh, S., & Khalid, K. (2013). Design of Thin Wall Structures for Energy Absorption Applications: Enhancement of Crashworthiness due to Axial and Oblique Impact Forces. Thin-Walled Structures, 71, 7–17. https://doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2013.04.003 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2013.04.003

[ref-27] Vinayagar, K., Kumar, A. S., Vel Vignesh, M., & Gokulan, K. (2020). Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Interaction Effect on Energy Absorption of Bi-Tubular Structures Under Quasi-Static Axial Crushing. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering Proceedings of ICDMC 2019, 491–503.

[ref-28] Vinayagar, K., & Kumar, A. S. (2017). Crashworthiness Analysis of Double Section Bi-Tubular Thin-Walled Structures. Thin-Walled Structures, 112, 184–193. https://doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2016.12.008 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2016.12.008

[ref-29] Witteman, W. J. (1999). Improved vehicle crashworthiness design by control of the energy absorption for different collision situations (Doctoral dissertation). Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR518429 DOI: 10.6100/ir518429

[ref-30] Zhang, Y., Sun, G., Li, G., Luo, Z. , & Li., Q. (2012). Optimization of Foam-Filled Bitubal Structures for Crashworthiness Criteria. Materials and Design, 38, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.01.028 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.01.028