Comparative Study on Magnetic Activated Carbon Derived from Delignified and Non-delignified Palm Kernel Shell: Synthesis, Characterization, and Methylene Blue Adsorption Analysis

Joko Waluyo; Zahrani Putri Nabila; Ariadi Indra Putra; Ibnu Tryansar Purba; Muhammad Ghozy Izzulhaq; Irwan Kurnia; Ardie Septian; Lusi Ernawati

doi:10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2025.57.4.10

Comparative Study on Magnetic Activated Carbon Derived from Delignified and Non-delignified Palm Kernel Shell: Synthesis, Characterization, and Methylene Blue Adsorption Analysis

Published: 2025-01-01 | DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2025.57.4.10 | Vol 57, Issue 4 (2025) | Cited by: 2

Authors

Joko Waluyo

Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jalan Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126

ORCID: 0000-0001-6721-0473 · OpenAlex: A5050862926

Zahrani Putri Nabila

Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jalan Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126

Ariadi Indra Putra

Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jalan Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126,

Ibnu Tryansar Purba

Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jalan Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126,

ORCID: 0000-0002-7021-3760 · OpenAlex: A5092581059

Muhammad Ghozy Izzulhaq

Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jalan Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126,

OpenAlex: A5116862225

Irwan Kurnia

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Sumedang 45363,

ORCID: 0000-0003-4762-6038 · OpenAlex: A5073755141

Ardie Septian

Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Building 720, K.S.T. B.J Habibie, Jalan Raya Serpong, South Tangerang 15314

ORCID: 0000-0003-2864-4097 · OpenAlex: A5017122749

Lusi Ernawati

Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Kalimantan, Jalan Soekarno Hatta Km. 15, Balikpapan 76127

ORCID: 0000-0001-7958-9759 · OpenAlex: A5057248532

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Abstract

Indonesia is the global leader in palm oil production, but it deals with significant challenges in managing palm oil mill waste, particularly palm kernel shells (PKS). This study investigated palm kernel shell (PKS) as a precursor for synthesizing magnetic activated carbon (MAC) to enhance its performance as an adsorbent for liquid waste treatment. The precursor was delignified using alkali liquor and magnetized by incorporating Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions, followed by chemical activation (ZnCl₂) through an intermediate pyrolysis process. The performances of delignified and non-delignified MAC (DMAC and NDMAC) were evaluated through methylene blue adsorption tests (25–45 mg/L), focusing on adsorption capacity, dye removal efficiency, as well as isotherm and kinetic analysis. DMAC demonstrated a larger surface area, leading to enhanced adsorption performance. Morphological analysis revealed that delignification had a positive influence on the pore structure and size, resulting in a more uniform distribution. DMAC exhibited an adsorption capacity 16.3% higher (35.3 mg/g) in the equilibrium phase and 16.6% higher at maximum adsorption capacity (50.25 mg/g) according to the Langmuir isotherm. Furthermore, the inclusion of iron ions (Fe2+/Fe3+) promoted pore expansion and formation in the precursor material. The study found the Langmuir isotherm model (R² = 0.999) to be the best fit for methylene blue adsorption, while the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R² = 0.9958) demonstrated an excellent fit for adsorption kinetics. The findings confirm that DMAC and NDMAC derived from PKS are effective for methylene blue dye adsorption, technically.

Keywords

delignification; dye adsorption; intermediate pyrolysis; isotherm; kinetic; methylene blue

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Metrics

Citations

0.61

FWCIfield-weighted

62th

Percentilevs same year + field

Article

Work type

GOLD

Open Access

Topics

Fiber-reinforced polymer composites Primary

0.87

Mechanical Engineering › Engineering › Physical Sciences

Advanced Physical and Chemical Molecular Interactions

0.76

Related Research

Citation Trend

2025

2026

Citation Timeline

Year	Citations
2026	1
2025	1

Semantic Profile AI-classified research signals

Core Domains

Shell (structure) 0.72

level 2

Adsorption 0.72

level 2

Characterization (materials science) 0.56

level 2

Secondary Topics

Palm 0.56 Chemistry 0.51 Methylene 0.48 Nuclear chemistry 0.43 Chemical engineering 0.37 Pulp and paper industry 0.37 Materials science 0.35 Composite material 0.22

Institution Network

Sebelas Maret University ID
Joko Waluyo · Zahrani Putri Nabila · Ariadi Indra Putra · Ibnu Tryansar Purba · Muhammad Ghozy Izzulhaq
Padjadjaran University ID
Irwan Kurnia
National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia ID
Ardie Septian
Institut Teknologi Kalimantan ID
Lusi Ernawati

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[ref-1] Abdolhossein Rejali, N., & Dinari, M. (2025). Highly efficient adsorption of direct Scarlet dye using guanidinium-based covalent organic polymer. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 13768. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-98812-4 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-98812-4

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