Comparative Analysis of DTC-controlled TSTPI and FSTPI Inverters for Low-power Photovoltaic Applications

Nouira Imen; Bassem El Badsi

doi:10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2025.57.5.3

Comparative Analysis of DTC-controlled TSTPI and FSTPI Inverters for Low-power Photovoltaic Applications

Published: 2025-01-01 | DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2025.57.5.3 | Vol 57, Issue 5 (2025)

Authors

Nouira Imen

University of Sfax, ENIS, P.O. Box 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia

OpenAlex: A5119722061

Bassem El Badsi

Research Laboratory on Renewable Energies & Electric Vehicles (RELEV) University of Sfax, ENIS, P.O. Box 1173, 3038 Sfax,

ORCID: 0000-0003-1608-8476 · OpenAlex: A5032045703

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Abstract

The increasing global shift towards renewable energy (RE) has amplified the need for efficient and cost-effective DC/AC converters in photovoltaic (PV) systems. This paper focuses on evaluating the performance of reduced structure inverters, specifically the Three Switch Three Phase Inverter (TSTPI) and the Four Switch Three Phase Inverter (FSTPI), both operating under Direct Torque Control (DTC), for low-power PV applications. A novel DTC strategy has been developed and applied to the TSTPI to improve control precision and overall performance. Through extensive simulations in Matlab/Simulink, complemented by experimental validation on a dSPACE1104 platform, we assess and compare the operational efficiency, harmonic distortions, and electromagnetic torque oscillations of both inverter structures.The findings reveal that, while both the TSTPI and FSTPI demonstrate satisfactory results, notable differences arise in terms of efficiency and harmonic distortion levels. These results highlight the suitability of reduced structure inverters for low-power PV applications, offering an attractive balance between cost and performance.This study provides valuable insights that can guide future developments in the design and real-time implementation of inverter systems tailored for RE applications.

Keywords

DC/AC converters; DTC; FSTPI; induction motor (IM); PV panel; renewable energy (RE); TSTPI

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FWCIfield-weighted

14th

Percentilevs same year + field

Article

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Open Access

Topics

Silicon Carbide Semiconductor Technologies Primary

0.95

Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Engineering › Physical Sciences

Advanced DC-DC Converters

0.92

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Core Domains

Photovoltaic system 0.80

level 2

Electronic engineering 0.57

level 1

Harmonic 0.53

level 2

Secondary Topics

Torque 0.51 Renewable energy 0.49 Computer science 0.45 Engineering 0.42 Harmonic analysis 0.41 Voltage 0.39 Modulation (music) 0.32 Phase (matter) 0.31 Control (management) 0.31 Power (physics) 0.31 Electrical engineering 0.31 Control engineering 0.30 Automotive engineering 0.29 Single phase 0.27

Institution Network

University of Sfax TN
Nouira Imen · Bassem El Badsi

References

Al Azze, Q., & Hameed, I. A. R. (2023). Reducing torque ripple of induction motor control via direct torque control. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 13(2), 1379–1386. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i2 DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i2
Alshahrani, S., Khan, K., Abido, M., & Khalid, M. (2024). Grid-forming converter and stability aspects of renewable-based low-inertia power networks: Modern trends and challenges. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 49(5), 6187–6216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-08183-y DOI: 10.1007/s13369-024-08183-y
Ammar, A., Benakcha, A., & Bourek, A. (2017). Closed loop torque SVM-DTC based on robust super twisting speed controller for induction motor drive with efficiency optimization. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(28), 17940–17952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.05.085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.05.085
Badsi, I. N. E., Badsi, B. E., & Masmoudi, A. (2021). Conventional inverter emulation-based DTC strategy dedicated to delta inverter. International Journal of Power Electronics, 13(1), 45–65. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPELEC.2021.112715 DOI: 10.1504/ijpelec.2021.112715
Badsi, I. N. E., & El Badsi, B. (2025). Enhanced rotor field-oriented control for low-voltage delta inverter-fed IMs with look-up table implementation. IEEE Access, 13, 116143–116157. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3585399 DOI: 10.1109/access.2025.3585399
Badsi, I. N. E., & El Badsi, B. (2025). SVM-based control of solar PV-fed B3 inverter for variable speed induction motor drives. IEEE Access, 13, 69039–69050. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3560693 DOI: 10.1109/access.2025.3560693
Baviskar, A., Hansen, A. D., Das, K., & Nazir, F. U. (2023). Reactive power potential of converter-connected renewables using convex power flow optimization. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 152, 109193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2023.109193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2023.109193
Deepak, M., Janaki, G., Bharatiraja, C., & Ojo, J. O. (2023). An enhanced model predictive direct torque control of SRM drive based on a novel modified switching strategy for low torque ripple. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics. https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTPE.2023.3288800 DOI: 10.1109/jestpe.2023.3288800
Dewi, K., Andreasen, A., & Ediansjah, A. S. (2024). Modelling of sulfur dioxide removal by seawater in a flue gas desulfurization absorber. Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, 56(4), 510–520. https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2024.56.4.7 DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2024.56.4.7
Dutta, A., & Panda, A. (2024). Torque distortion minimization of BLDC motor by modified DTC techniques. In Emerging Technologies & Applications in Electrical Engineering: Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Technologies & Applications in Electrical Engineering (ETAEE-2023), 280. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003478416-28 DOI: 10.1201/9781003478416-28
El Badsi, B., Bouzidi, B., & Masmoudi, A. (2012). DTC scheme for a four-switch inverter-fed induction motor emulating the six-switch inverter operation. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 28(7), 3528–3538. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2012.2228052 DOI: 10.1109/tpel.2012.2228052
El Badsi, I. N., El Badsi, B., & Masmoudi, A. (2018). RFOC and DTC strategies for reduced structure B3-inverter fed induction motor drives. In 2018 15th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD), 1317–1322). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SSD.2018.8570465 DOI: 10.1109/ssd.2018.8570465
Elgbaily, M., Anayi, F., & Packianather, M. (2022). Performance improvement based torque ripple minimization for direct torque control drive fed induction motor using fuzzy logic control. In Control, Instrumentation and Mechatronics: Theory and Practice, 416–428. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9981-9_28 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-9981-9_28
Farajdadian, S., Hajizadeh, A., & Soltani, M. (2024). Recent developments of multiport DC/DC converter topologies, control strategies, and applications: A comparative review and analysis. Energy Reports, 11, 1019–1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.04.106 DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2024.04.106
Kakodia, S. K., Giribabu, D., & Ravula, R. K. (2022). Torque ripple minimization using an artificial neural network-based speed sensorless control of SVM-DTC fed PMSM drive. In 2022 IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conference (TPEC), 1–6. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEC53128.2022.9743494 DOI: 10.1109/tpec53128.2022.9743494
Kober, T., Schiffer, H. W., Densing, M., & Panos, E. (2020). Global energy perspectives to 2060 – WEC
Kumar, M. T. S. Y., Chourasia, S., & Kumar, E. V. (2021). Four-switch three-phase inverter-fed IM drives – Literature review. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 12(4), 2342–2351. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i4 DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i4
Masmoudi, M., El Badsi, B., & Masmoudi, A. (2013). DTC of B4-inverter-fed BLDC motor drives with reduced torque ripple during sector-to-sector commutations. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 29(9), 4855–4865. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2013.2288706 DOI: 10.1109/tpel.2013.2288706
Nallolla, C. A., P, V., Chittathuru, D., & Padmanaban, S. (2023). Multi-objective optimization algorithms for a hybrid AC/DC microgrid using RES: A comprehensive review. Electronics, 12(4), 1062. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12041062 DOI: 10.3390/electronics12041062
Nouira El Badsi, I., El Badsi, B., & Masmoudi, A. (2018). DTC strategies for three-switch three-phase inverter-fed induction motor drives. COMPEL – The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 37(6), 2176–2194. https://doi.org/10.1108/COMPEL-06-2018-0222 DOI: 10.1108/compel-06-2018-0222
Ouarda, A., El Badsi, B., & Masmoudi, A. (2016). DTC of B4 inverter fed two-phase IM drives. In 2016 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 1–6. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2016.7791711 DOI: 10.1109/vppc.2016.7791711
Ouarda, A., El Badsi, B., & Masmoudi, A. (2018). Direct RFOC strategies aimed to symmetrical two-phase IM drives: Comparison between B4- and B6-inverters in the stator. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 33(11), 9772–9782. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2018.2801730 DOI: 10.1109/tpel.2018.2801730
Ouarda, A., Nouira, I., El Badsi, B., & Masmoudi, A. (2014). DTC strategies dedicated to IM drives fed by reduced-structure inverters emulating the conventional one: Application to low-cost automotive actuators. In 2014 17th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 169–174. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEMS.2014.7013695 DOI: 10.1109/icems.2014.7013695
Patel, P. D., & Pandya, S. N. (2022). Comparative analysis of torque ripple for direct torque control based induction motor drive with different strategies. Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 19(3), 234–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/1448837X.2022.2051314 DOI: 10.1080/1448837x.2022.2051314
Rhouma, A. B., & Hamouda, M. (2020). Characteristics of a proposed SVPWM strategy for delta inverter with DSP‐based real‐time implementation. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 30(6), e12384. https://doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038.12384 DOI: 10.1002/2050-7038.12384
Rhouma, A. B., & Hamouda, M. (2020). DSP implementation of a novel SPWM algorithm dedicated to the delta inverter. In 2020 20th International Conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering (STA) , 195–200. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/STA50679.2020.9406371 DOI: 10.1109/sta50679.2020.9406371
Ritchie, H., Rosado, P., & Roser, M. (2024). Access to energy. Our World in Data.
Samithas, D., Balachandran, P. K., & Selvarajan, S. (2024). Experimental analysis of enhanced finite set model predictive control and direct torque control in SRM drives for torque ripple reduction. Scientific Reports, 14, 16805. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-61909-4 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61909-4
Suvvala, J., & Kumar, K. S. (2023). Implementation of EFC charging station by multiport converter with integration of RES. Energies, 16(3), 1521. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031521 DOI: 10.3390/en16031521
Tarusan, S. A. A., Jidin, A., & Jamil, M. L. M. (2022). The optimization of torque ripple reduction by using DTC-multilevel inverter. ISA Transactions, 121, 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2021.10.017 DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2021.10.017
Vemparala, S. R., Bhaskar, M. S., Elmorshedy, M. F., & Almakhles, D. (2024). Performance enhancement of renewable system via hybrid switched-inductor-capacitor converter. In 2024 6th Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (GPECOM),79–84. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/GPECOM62174.2024.10544257 DOI: 10.1109/gpecom62174.2024.10544257
Wenten, I. G., Khoiruddin, K., & Siagian, U. W. R. (2024). Green energy technologies: A key driver in carbon emission reduction. Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, 56(2), 143–192. https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2024.56.2.1 DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2024.56.2.1

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[ref-1] Al Azze, Q., & Hameed, I. A. R. (2023). Reducing torque ripple of induction motor control via direct torque control. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 13(2), 1379–1386. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i2 DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i2

[ref-2] Alshahrani, S., Khan, K., Abido, M., & Khalid, M. (2024). Grid-forming converter and stability aspects of renewable-based low-inertia power networks: Modern trends and challenges. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 49(5), 6187–6216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-08183-y DOI: 10.1007/s13369-024-08183-y

[ref-3] Ammar, A., Benakcha, A., & Bourek, A. (2017). Closed loop torque SVM-DTC based on robust super twisting speed controller for induction motor drive with efficiency optimization. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(28), 17940–17952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.05.085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.05.085

[ref-4] Badsi, I. N. E., Badsi, B. E., & Masmoudi, A. (2021). Conventional inverter emulation-based DTC strategy dedicated to delta inverter. International Journal of Power Electronics, 13(1), 45–65. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPELEC.2021.112715 DOI: 10.1504/ijpelec.2021.112715

[ref-5] Badsi, I. N. E., & El Badsi, B. (2025). Enhanced rotor field-oriented control for low-voltage delta inverter-fed IMs with look-up table implementation. IEEE Access, 13, 116143–116157. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3585399 DOI: 10.1109/access.2025.3585399

[ref-6] Badsi, I. N. E., & El Badsi, B. (2025). SVM-based control of solar PV-fed B3 inverter for variable speed induction motor drives. IEEE Access, 13, 69039–69050. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3560693 DOI: 10.1109/access.2025.3560693

[ref-7] Baviskar, A., Hansen, A. D., Das, K., & Nazir, F. U. (2023). Reactive power potential of converter-connected renewables using convex power flow optimization. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 152, 109193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2023.109193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2023.109193

[ref-8] Deepak, M., Janaki, G., Bharatiraja, C., & Ojo, J. O. (2023). An enhanced model predictive direct torque control of SRM drive based on a novel modified switching strategy for low torque ripple. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics. https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTPE.2023.3288800 DOI: 10.1109/jestpe.2023.3288800

[ref-9] Dewi, K., Andreasen, A., & Ediansjah, A. S. (2024). Modelling of sulfur dioxide removal by seawater in a flue gas desulfurization absorber. Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, 56(4), 510–520. https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2024.56.4.7 DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2024.56.4.7

[ref-10] Dutta, A., & Panda, A. (2024). Torque distortion minimization of BLDC motor by modified DTC techniques. In Emerging Technologies & Applications in Electrical Engineering: Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Technologies & Applications in Electrical Engineering (ETAEE-2023), 280. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003478416-28 DOI: 10.1201/9781003478416-28

[ref-11] El Badsi, B., Bouzidi, B., & Masmoudi, A. (2012). DTC scheme for a four-switch inverter-fed induction motor emulating the six-switch inverter operation. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 28(7), 3528–3538. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2012.2228052 DOI: 10.1109/tpel.2012.2228052

[ref-12] El Badsi, I. N., El Badsi, B., & Masmoudi, A. (2018). RFOC and DTC strategies for reduced structure B3-inverter fed induction motor drives. In 2018 15th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD), 1317–1322). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SSD.2018.8570465 DOI: 10.1109/ssd.2018.8570465

[ref-13] Elgbaily, M., Anayi, F., & Packianather, M. (2022). Performance improvement based torque ripple minimization for direct torque control drive fed induction motor using fuzzy logic control. In Control, Instrumentation and Mechatronics: Theory and Practice, 416–428. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9981-9_28 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-9981-9_28

[ref-14] Farajdadian, S., Hajizadeh, A., & Soltani, M. (2024). Recent developments of multiport DC/DC converter topologies, control strategies, and applications: A comparative review and analysis. Energy Reports, 11, 1019–1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.04.106 DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2024.04.106

[ref-15] Kakodia, S. K., Giribabu, D., & Ravula, R. K. (2022). Torque ripple minimization using an artificial neural network-based speed sensorless control of SVM-DTC fed PMSM drive. In 2022 IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conference (TPEC), 1–6. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEC53128.2022.9743494 DOI: 10.1109/tpec53128.2022.9743494

[ref-16] Kober, T., Schiffer, H. W., Densing, M., & Panos, E. (2020). Global energy perspectives to 2060 – WEC

[ref-17] Kumar, M. T. S. Y., Chourasia, S., & Kumar, E. V. (2021). Four-switch three-phase inverter-fed IM drives – Literature review. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 12(4), 2342–2351. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i4 DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i4

[ref-18] Masmoudi, M., El Badsi, B., & Masmoudi, A. (2013). DTC of B4-inverter-fed BLDC motor drives with reduced torque ripple during sector-to-sector commutations. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 29(9), 4855–4865. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2013.2288706 DOI: 10.1109/tpel.2013.2288706

[ref-19] Nallolla, C. A., P, V., Chittathuru, D., & Padmanaban, S. (2023). Multi-objective optimization algorithms for a hybrid AC/DC microgrid using RES: A comprehensive review. Electronics, 12(4), 1062. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12041062 DOI: 10.3390/electronics12041062

[ref-20] Nouira El Badsi, I., El Badsi, B., & Masmoudi, A. (2018). DTC strategies for three-switch three-phase inverter-fed induction motor drives. COMPEL – The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 37(6), 2176–2194. https://doi.org/10.1108/COMPEL-06-2018-0222 DOI: 10.1108/compel-06-2018-0222

[ref-21] Ouarda, A., El Badsi, B., & Masmoudi, A. (2016). DTC of B4 inverter fed two-phase IM drives. In 2016 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 1–6. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2016.7791711 DOI: 10.1109/vppc.2016.7791711

[ref-22] Ouarda, A., El Badsi, B., & Masmoudi, A. (2018). Direct RFOC strategies aimed to symmetrical two-phase IM drives: Comparison between B4- and B6-inverters in the stator. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 33(11), 9772–9782. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2018.2801730 DOI: 10.1109/tpel.2018.2801730

[ref-23] Ouarda, A., Nouira, I., El Badsi, B., & Masmoudi, A. (2014). DTC strategies dedicated to IM drives fed by reduced-structure inverters emulating the conventional one: Application to low-cost automotive actuators. In 2014 17th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 169–174. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEMS.2014.7013695 DOI: 10.1109/icems.2014.7013695

[ref-24] Patel, P. D., & Pandya, S. N. (2022). Comparative analysis of torque ripple for direct torque control based induction motor drive with different strategies. Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 19(3), 234–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/1448837X.2022.2051314 DOI: 10.1080/1448837x.2022.2051314

[ref-25] Rhouma, A. B., & Hamouda, M. (2020). Characteristics of a proposed SVPWM strategy for delta inverter with DSP‐based real‐time implementation. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 30(6), e12384. https://doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038.12384 DOI: 10.1002/2050-7038.12384

[ref-26] Rhouma, A. B., & Hamouda, M. (2020). DSP implementation of a novel SPWM algorithm dedicated to the delta inverter. In 2020 20th International Conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering (STA) , 195–200. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/STA50679.2020.9406371 DOI: 10.1109/sta50679.2020.9406371

[ref-27] Ritchie, H., Rosado, P., & Roser, M. (2024). Access to energy. Our World in Data.

[ref-28] Samithas, D., Balachandran, P. K., & Selvarajan, S. (2024). Experimental analysis of enhanced finite set model predictive control and direct torque control in SRM drives for torque ripple reduction. Scientific Reports, 14, 16805. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-61909-4 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61909-4

[ref-29] Suvvala, J., & Kumar, K. S. (2023). Implementation of EFC charging station by multiport converter with integration of RES. Energies, 16(3), 1521. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031521 DOI: 10.3390/en16031521

[ref-30] Tarusan, S. A. A., Jidin, A., & Jamil, M. L. M. (2022). The optimization of torque ripple reduction by using DTC-multilevel inverter. ISA Transactions, 121, 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2021.10.017 DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2021.10.017

[ref-31] Vemparala, S. R., Bhaskar, M. S., Elmorshedy, M. F., & Almakhles, D. (2024). Performance enhancement of renewable system via hybrid switched-inductor-capacitor converter. In 2024 6th Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (GPECOM),79–84. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/GPECOM62174.2024.10544257 DOI: 10.1109/gpecom62174.2024.10544257

[ref-32] Wenten, I. G., Khoiruddin, K., & Siagian, U. W. R. (2024). Green energy technologies: A key driver in carbon emission reduction. Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, 56(2), 143–192. https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2024.56.2.1 DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2024.56.2.1