Crashworthy Structure Analysis of Indonesia

Achmad Syaifudin; Khakim Muh Luqman

doi:10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2025.57.6.3

Crashworthy Structure Analysis of Indonesia

Published: 2025-01-01 | DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2025.57.6.3 | Vol 57, Issue 6 (2025) | Cited by: 1

Authors

Achmad Syaifudin

Laboratory of Solid Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Jalan Teknik Industri, Keputih, Kec. Sukolilo, Surabaya, Jawa Timur 60111,

ORCID: 0000-0001-8109-9396 · OpenAlex: A5003630326

Khakim Muh Luqman

Departement of Engineering Solution, PT Sanggar Sarana Baja, Jalan Cilandak KKO No. 1 Jakarta 12560

OpenAlex: A5120158079

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Abstract

In the development of high-speed trains, evaluating the crashworthiness of passenger car structures is essential, particularly in the vestibule area which designed to absorb impact energy. When constructed entirely from aluminum extrusion, the vestibule exhibits high stiffness and uncontrolled energy absorption, resulting in excessive deceleration during collisions. This study investigates the crashworthiness of the vestibule structure in Indonesian high-speed train trailers, referencing EN 15227/SNI 8826 and 49 CFR 238 standards. A numerical analysis was conducted using ANSYS LS-DYNA, examining four structural configurations: a full aluminum extrusion model referred to the rear end structure of the HST locomotive, and three alternatives incorporating structural beams in the roof, floor, and modified floor areas. Simulations involved train collisions with a rigid wall at regulated speeds, using aluminum 6005A-T6 modeled with the Johnson-Cook material model to account for high strain rates. Results showed that the full aluminum design produced excessive deceleration and failed to meet EN 15227/SNI 8826 criteria. In contrast, the modified floor frame design achieved the lowest crash force and deceleration, controlled energy absorption, no survival space reduction, and compliance with EN 15227/SNI 8826, though it did not meet 49 CFR 238 deceleration limits due to full vestibule deformation. These findings offer valuable insights for manufacturers seeking to enhance the crashworthiness of high-speed train passenger cars.

Keywords

aluminum extrusion; crashworthiness; high-speed train; occupant protection; vehicle safety

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Research Intelligence

Data from OpenAlex ↗

Metrics

Citations

0.31

FWCIfield-weighted

52th

Percentilevs same year + field

Article

Work type

GOLD

Open Access

Topics

Cellular and Composite Structures Primary

0.98

Mechanical Engineering › Engineering › Physical Sciences

Railway Engineering and Dynamics

0.00

Transportation Safety and Impact Analysis

0.00

Citation Trend

2026

Citation Timeline

Year	Citations
2026	1

Semantic Profile AI-classified research signals

Core Domains

Structural engineering 0.65

level 1

Stiffness 0.60

level 2

Automotive engineering 0.48

level 1

Secondary Topics

Space frame 0.48 Aluminium 0.46 Extrusion 0.46 Engineering 0.46 Acceleration 0.42 Trailer 0.38 Mechanical engineering 0.34 Cushion 0.34 Beam (structure) 0.34 Materials science 0.33 Slosh dynamics 0.31 Frame (networking) 0.30 Train 0.29 Deflection (physics) 0.29 Impact 0.26 Finite element method 0.26 Impact energy 0.25

Institution Network

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember ID
Achmad Syaifudin
Solvay (Belgium) BE
Khakim Muh Luqman

References

CFR PART 238—PASSENGER EQUIPMENT SAFETY STANDARDS. (n.d.). Retrieved December 1, 2024, from https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/part-238
ANSYS Guide, Introduction to ANSYS Meshing, Lecture 7: Mesh Quality & Advanced Topics. (2015, February 12). https://featips.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Mesh-Intro_16.0_L07_Mesh_Quality_and_Advanced_Topics.pdf
Bala, S., & Day, J. (n.d.). General Guidelines for Crash Analysis in LS-DYNA. https://ftp.lstc.com/anonymous/outgoing/jday/faq/guidelines.pdf
Baykasoğlu, C., Sünbüloğlu, E., Bozdağ, S. E., Aruk, F., Toprak, T., & Mugan, A. (2011). Railroad passenger car collision analysis and modifications for improved crashworthiness. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 16(3), 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2011.566475 DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2011.566475
Baykasoglu, C., Sunbuloglu, E., Bozdag, S. E., Aruk, F., Toprak, T., & Mugan, A. (2012). Crash and structural analyses of an aluminium railroad passenger car. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 17(5), 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2012.690591 DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2012.690591
Børvik, T., Clausen, A. H., Eriksson, M., Berstad, T., Sture Hopperstad, O., & Langseth, M. (2005). Experimental and numerical study on the perforation of AA6005-T6 panels. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 32(1–4), 35–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2005.05.001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2005.05.001
Dharma, I. G. S. S., Suweca, I. W., & Setiawan, R. (2016, 6 Oktober). Perancangan Dasar Sistem Keselamatan Pasif Kereta Penumpang Kelas 1 (Basic Design of Passive Safety System for Class 1 Passenger Trains (K1 Trains)). Seminar Nasional Tahunan Teknik Mesin XV (SNTTM XV), Bandung. https://prosiding.bkstm.org/prosiding/2016/PM-017.pdf (Text in Indonesian)
EN 15227 Railway applications—Crashworthiness requirements for railway vehicle bodies. (2008).
EN 15227 Railway applications—Crashworthiness requirements for railway vehicle bodies. (2020).
Gao, G. J., & Tian, H. Q. (2007). Train’s crashworthiness design and collision analysis. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 12(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1533/ijcr.2006.0138 DOI: 10.1533/ijcr.2006.0138
Hosseini-Tehrani, P., & Bayat, V. (2011). Study on crashworthiness of wagon’s frame under frontal impact. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 16(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2010.499698 DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2010.499698
Indonesian Transportation Safety Committee (KNKT): Railway Accident Investigation. (n.d.). [Media Release KNKT]. Retrieved July 31, 2024, from https://knkt.go.id/investigasi (Text in Indonesian)
Kirkpatrick, S. W., Schroeder, M., & Simons, J. W. (2001). Evaluation of passenger rail vehicle crashworthiness. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 6(1), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1533/cras.2001.0165 DOI: 10.1533/cras.2001.0165
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Mayville, R. A., Johnson, K. N., Stringfellow, R. G., & Tyrell, D. C. (2003). The Development of a Rail Passenger Coach Car Crush Zone. Joint Rail, 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1115/RTD2003-1653 DOI: 10.1115/rtd2003-1653
Molatefi, H., Azizi, M., & Mozafari, H. (2016). Crashworthiness Analysis and Energy Absorption Enhancement of a Passenger Rail Vehicle. IJRARE, 3(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.22068/IJRARE.3.1.45 DOI: 10.22068/ijrare.3.1.45
Peng, Y., Deng, W., Xu, P., & Yao, S. (2015). Study on the collision performance of a composite energy-absorbing structure for subway vehicles. Thin-Walled Structures, 94, 663–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.05.016 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2015.05.016
Rizal, K., & Syaifudin, A. (2023). Evaluation of Crash Energy Management of the First-Developed High-Speed Train in Indonesia. Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, 55(3), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.3.2 DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.3.2
Setiawan, R., Handoko, Y. A., Ramadhan, F. I., & Fahmi, M. Y. (2019). Design and Analysis of Impact Energy
Absorption in the Crash Zone of the National Passenger Train Area. Seminar Nasional Tahunan Teknik Mesin XVIII (SNTTM XVIII), Jakarta. https://prosiding.bkstm.org/prosiding/2019/KM01.pdf (Text in Indonesian)
Setiawan, R., & Pamintori, M. (2017). Crashworthiness Analysis of Indonesian Passenger Train Structures. Seminar Nasional Tahunan Teknik Mesin XVI (SNTTM XVI), Surabaya. https://prosiding.bkstm.org/prosiding/2017/PMT-37.pdf (Text in Indonesian)
Severson, K. J., Parent, D. P., & Tyrell, D. C. (2004). Two-Car Impact Test of Crash-Energy Management Passenger Rail Cars: Analysis of Occupant Protection Measurements. Rail Transportation, 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2004-61249 DOI: 10.1115/imece2004-61249
SNI 8826:2019 Railway Applications—Crashworthiness for railways. (2019). (Text in Indonesian)
Syaifudin, A., Depari, Y. P. D. S., Handoko, Y. A., Permana, A. D., Hendrato, Halfina, B., & Valentino, J. M. (2023). Crashworthiness Analysis of the Impact Modules of Indonesian High-Speed Train Considering EN 15227. Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri, 17(2), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.55981/mipi.2023.1665 DOI: 10.55981/mipi.2023.1665
Syaifudin, A., Nurfadillah, E. M., Farid, A. R., & Windharto, A. (2021). Strength consideration on car body of light rail transit making from aluminum extrusion. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1034(1), 012025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1034/1/012025 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1034/1/012025
Syaifudin, A., Windharto, A., Setiawan, A., & Farid, A. R. (2022). Energy Absorption Analysis on Crash-Module Shape and Configuration of Medium-Speed Train. In M. Kolhe, A. Muhammad, A. El Kharbachi, & T. Y. Yuwono (Eds.), Recent Advances in Renewable Energy Systems (Vol. 876, pp. 171–179). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1581-9_19 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-1581-9_19
Urone, P. P., Hinrichs, R., Dirks, K., & Sharma, M. (2012). College physics. OpenStax College, Rice University.
Wang, S., Peng, Y., Wang, T., Che, Q., & Xu, P. (2019). Collision performance and multi-objective robust optimization of a combined multi-cell thin-walled structure for high speed train. Thin-Walled Structures, 135, 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.10.044 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2018.10.044
Xue, X., Schmid, F., & Smith, R. A. (2007). Analysis of the structural characteristics of an intermediate rail vehicle and their effect on vehicle crash performance. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 221(3), 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1243/09544097JRRT77 DOI: 10.1243/09544097jrrt77
Zhu, T., Xiao, S.-N., Hu, G.-Z., Yang, G.-W., & Yang, C. (2019). Crashworthiness Analysis of the Structure of Metro Vehicles Constructed from Typical Materials and the Lumped Parameter Model of Frontal Impact. Transport, 34(1), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2019.7552 DOI: 10.3846/transport.2019.7552

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[ref-1] CFR PART 238—PASSENGER EQUIPMENT SAFETY STANDARDS. (n.d.). Retrieved December 1, 2024, from https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/part-238

[ref-2] ANSYS Guide, Introduction to ANSYS Meshing, Lecture 7: Mesh Quality & Advanced Topics. (2015, February 12). https://featips.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Mesh-Intro_16.0_L07_Mesh_Quality_and_Advanced_Topics.pdf

[ref-3] Bala, S., & Day, J. (n.d.). General Guidelines for Crash Analysis in LS-DYNA. https://ftp.lstc.com/anonymous/outgoing/jday/faq/guidelines.pdf

[ref-4] Baykasoğlu, C., Sünbüloğlu, E., Bozdağ, S. E., Aruk, F., Toprak, T., & Mugan, A. (2011). Railroad passenger car collision analysis and modifications for improved crashworthiness. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 16(3), 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2011.566475 DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2011.566475

[ref-5] Baykasoglu, C., Sunbuloglu, E., Bozdag, S. E., Aruk, F., Toprak, T., & Mugan, A. (2012). Crash and structural analyses of an aluminium railroad passenger car. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 17(5), 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2012.690591 DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2012.690591

[ref-6] Børvik, T., Clausen, A. H., Eriksson, M., Berstad, T., Sture Hopperstad, O., & Langseth, M. (2005). Experimental and numerical study on the perforation of AA6005-T6 panels. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 32(1–4), 35–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2005.05.001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2005.05.001

[ref-7] Dharma, I. G. S. S., Suweca, I. W., & Setiawan, R. (2016, 6 Oktober). Perancangan Dasar Sistem Keselamatan Pasif Kereta Penumpang Kelas 1 (Basic Design of Passive Safety System for Class 1 Passenger Trains (K1 Trains)). Seminar Nasional Tahunan Teknik Mesin XV (SNTTM XV), Bandung. https://prosiding.bkstm.org/prosiding/2016/PM-017.pdf (Text in Indonesian)

[ref-8] EN 15227 Railway applications—Crashworthiness requirements for railway vehicle bodies. (2008).

[ref-9] EN 15227 Railway applications—Crashworthiness requirements for railway vehicle bodies. (2020).

[ref-10] Gao, G. J., & Tian, H. Q. (2007). Train’s crashworthiness design and collision analysis. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 12(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1533/ijcr.2006.0138 DOI: 10.1533/ijcr.2006.0138

[ref-11] Hosseini-Tehrani, P., & Bayat, V. (2011). Study on crashworthiness of wagon’s frame under frontal impact. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 16(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2010.499698 DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2010.499698

[ref-12] Indonesian Transportation Safety Committee (KNKT): Railway Accident Investigation. (n.d.). [Media Release KNKT]. Retrieved July 31, 2024, from https://knkt.go.id/investigasi (Text in Indonesian)

[ref-13] Kirkpatrick, S. W., Schroeder, M., & Simons, J. W. (2001). Evaluation of passenger rail vehicle crashworthiness. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 6(1), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1533/cras.2001.0165 DOI: 10.1533/cras.2001.0165

[ref-14] Livermore Software Technology (LST), An Ansys Company (2001): LS-DYNA Keyword User’s Manual Volume I. (n.d.).

[ref-15] Livermore Software Technology (LST), An Ansys Company (2003): Contact in LS-DYNA. (n.d.).

[ref-16] Mayville, R. A., Johnson, K. N., Stringfellow, R. G., & Tyrell, D. C. (2003). The Development of a Rail Passenger Coach Car Crush Zone. Joint Rail, 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1115/RTD2003-1653 DOI: 10.1115/rtd2003-1653

[ref-17] Molatefi, H., Azizi, M., & Mozafari, H. (2016). Crashworthiness Analysis and Energy Absorption Enhancement of a Passenger Rail Vehicle. IJRARE, 3(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.22068/IJRARE.3.1.45 DOI: 10.22068/ijrare.3.1.45

[ref-18] Peng, Y., Deng, W., Xu, P., & Yao, S. (2015). Study on the collision performance of a composite energy-absorbing structure for subway vehicles. Thin-Walled Structures, 94, 663–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.05.016 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2015.05.016

[ref-19] Rizal, K., & Syaifudin, A. (2023). Evaluation of Crash Energy Management of the First-Developed High-Speed Train in Indonesia. Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, 55(3), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.3.2 DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.3.2

[ref-20] Setiawan, R., Handoko, Y. A., Ramadhan, F. I., & Fahmi, M. Y. (2019). Design and Analysis of Impact Energy

[ref-21] Absorption in the Crash Zone of the National Passenger Train Area. Seminar Nasional Tahunan Teknik Mesin XVIII (SNTTM XVIII), Jakarta. https://prosiding.bkstm.org/prosiding/2019/KM01.pdf (Text in Indonesian)

[ref-22] Setiawan, R., & Pamintori, M. (2017). Crashworthiness Analysis of Indonesian Passenger Train Structures. Seminar Nasional Tahunan Teknik Mesin XVI (SNTTM XVI), Surabaya. https://prosiding.bkstm.org/prosiding/2017/PMT-37.pdf (Text in Indonesian)

[ref-23] Severson, K. J., Parent, D. P., & Tyrell, D. C. (2004). Two-Car Impact Test of Crash-Energy Management Passenger Rail Cars: Analysis of Occupant Protection Measurements. Rail Transportation, 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2004-61249 DOI: 10.1115/imece2004-61249

[ref-24] SNI 8826:2019 Railway Applications—Crashworthiness for railways. (2019). (Text in Indonesian)

[ref-25] Syaifudin, A., Depari, Y. P. D. S., Handoko, Y. A., Permana, A. D., Hendrato, Halfina, B., & Valentino, J. M. (2023). Crashworthiness Analysis of the Impact Modules of Indonesian High-Speed Train Considering EN 15227. Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri, 17(2), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.55981/mipi.2023.1665 DOI: 10.55981/mipi.2023.1665

[ref-26] Syaifudin, A., Nurfadillah, E. M., Farid, A. R., & Windharto, A. (2021). Strength consideration on car body of light rail transit making from aluminum extrusion. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1034(1), 012025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1034/1/012025 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1034/1/012025

[ref-27] Syaifudin, A., Windharto, A., Setiawan, A., & Farid, A. R. (2022). Energy Absorption Analysis on Crash-Module Shape and Configuration of Medium-Speed Train. In M. Kolhe, A. Muhammad, A. El Kharbachi, & T. Y. Yuwono (Eds.), Recent Advances in Renewable Energy Systems (Vol. 876, pp. 171–179). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1581-9_19 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-1581-9_19

[ref-28] Urone, P. P., Hinrichs, R., Dirks, K., & Sharma, M. (2012). College physics. OpenStax College, Rice University.

[ref-29] Wang, S., Peng, Y., Wang, T., Che, Q., & Xu, P. (2019). Collision performance and multi-objective robust optimization of a combined multi-cell thin-walled structure for high speed train. Thin-Walled Structures, 135, 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.10.044 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2018.10.044

[ref-30] Xue, X., Schmid, F., & Smith, R. A. (2007). Analysis of the structural characteristics of an intermediate rail vehicle and their effect on vehicle crash performance. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 221(3), 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1243/09544097JRRT77 DOI: 10.1243/09544097jrrt77

[ref-31] Zhu, T., Xiao, S.-N., Hu, G.-Z., Yang, G.-W., & Yang, C. (2019). Crashworthiness Analysis of the Structure of Metro Vehicles Constructed from Typical Materials and the Lumped Parameter Model of Frontal Impact. Transport, 34(1), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2019.7552 DOI: 10.3846/transport.2019.7552