Performance of Geopolymer Concrete Deep Beams with Variation in Shear Reinforcement Ratio

Rifkah Rifkah; Saloma Saloma; Siti Aisyah Nurjannah; Anis Saggaff

doi:10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2026.58.1.8

Performance of Geopolymer Concrete Deep Beams with Variation in Shear Reinforcement Ratio

Published: 2026-01-01 | DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2026.58.1.8 | Vol 58, Issue 1 (2026)

Authors

Rifkah Rifkah

Engineering Science, Doctoral Program, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Jalan Palembang–Prabumulih KM 32, Indralaya, Ogan Ilir 30662,

OpenAlex: A5093441331

Saloma Saloma

Departement of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Jalan Palembang–Prabumulih KM 32, Indralaya, Ogan Ilir 30662,

OpenAlex: A5113988037

Siti Aisyah Nurjannah

Departement of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Jalan Palembang–Prabumulih KM 32, Indralaya, Ogan Ilir 30662,

ORCID: 0000-0003-3058-592X · OpenAlex: A5070842986

Anis Saggaff

Departement of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Jalan Palembang–Prabumulih KM 32, Indralaya, Ogan Ilir 30662,

ORCID: 0000-0002-3281-2754 · OpenAlex: A5001191294

Memuat…

Buka di tab baru ↗ Download PDF

Abstract

The construction industry

Keywords

deep beam; finite element analysis; geopolymer concrete; monotonic load; shear reinforcement ratio

Memuat isi artikel…

Buka teks lengkap artikel ini

Research Intelligence

Data from OpenAlex ↗

Metrics

0.00

FWCIfield-weighted

28th

Percentilevs same year + field

Article

Work type

GOLD

Open Access

Topics

Concrete and Cement Materials Research Primary

0.43

Civil and Structural Engineering › Engineering › Physical Sciences

Innovative concrete reinforcement materials

0.38

Microbial Applications in Construction Materials

0.05

Semantic Profile AI-classified research signals

Core Domains

Materials science 0.73

level 0

Reinforcement 0.67

level 2

Structural engineering 0.58

level 1

Secondary Topics

Dissipation 0.54 Shear (geology) 0.52 Composite material 0.51 Finite element method 0.50 Compressive strength 0.48 Beam (structure) 0.41 Durability 0.38 Deflection (physics) 0.38 Diagonal 0.38 Cement 0.32 Shear stress 0.29 Reinforced concrete 0.28 Dynamic loading 0.26 Dilatant 0.25

Institution Network

Sriwijaya University ID
Rifkah Rifkah · Saloma Saloma · Siti Aisyah Nurjannah · Anis Saggaff

References

Abbood, S. (2023). Strut-and-tie model and its applications in reinforced concrete deep beams: A comprehensive review. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 19, e02643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02643
American Concrete Institute. (2022). Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary (ACI 318-19). ACI.
Arlan, M., Saloma, Nurjannah, S. A., Usman, A. P., Saggaff, A., Juliantina, I., & Ilmiaty, R. S. (2024). Behavior of beam-column joint self-compacting concrete (SCC) using steel fiber 5D under lateral cyclic loading. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 12(5), 3562–3570. https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2024.120531 DOI: 10.13189/cea.2024.120531
ASTM C78-02. (2016). Standard test method for flexural strength of concrete (using simple beam with third-point loading). ASTM International.
Badshah, M., Badshah, S., & Jan, S. (2020). Comparison of computational fluid dynamics and fluid structure interaction models for the performance prediction of tidal current turbines. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science, 5, 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2019.10.001 DOI: 10.1016/j.joes.2019.10.001
Danish, A., Ozbakkaloglu, T., Mosaberpanah, M. A., Salim, M. U., Bayram, M., Yeon, J. H., & Jafar, K. (2022). Sustainability benefits and commercialization challenges and strategies of geopolymer concrete: A review. Journal of Building Engineering, 58, 105005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105005
Decanini, L., Liberatore, L., Mollaioli, F., & De Sortis, A. (2005). Estimation of near-source ground motion and seismic behavior of RC framed structures damaged by the 1999 Athens earthquake. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 9(5), 609–635. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460509350559 DOI: 10.1080/13632460509350559
Eltantawi, I., Sheikh, M., & Hadi, M. (2024). Design of a novel ternary blended self-compacting ultra-high-performance geopolymer concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 451, 138819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.138819 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.138819
Eric, Saloma, Usman, A. P., Saggaff, A., Hashim, M. F. A., & Usman, F. (2024). Behavior of exterior beam-column joints steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC) against cyclic lateral loads. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 12(3A), 2043–2056. https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2024.121309 DOI: 10.13189/cea.2024.121309
Fayyad, T. M., & Lees, J. M. (2017). Experimental investigation of crack propagation and crack branching in lightly reinforced concrete beams using digital image correlation. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 182, 487–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.04.051Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2000). FEMA 356, Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings, Washington DC. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.04.051federal
Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2000). FEMA 356: Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. FEMA.
Feng, Y., Xue, Z., Zhong, H., Zhang, B., Yang, J., & Xie, J. (2024). Improving geopolymer concrete performance with hazardous solid waste phosphogypsum. Journal of Building Engineering, 95, 110333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110333
Feng, Y., Xue, Z., Zhang, B., Xie, J., Chen, C., Tan, J., & Zhao, C. (2023). Effects of phosphogypsum substitution on the performance of ground granulated blast furnace slag/fly ash-based alkali-activated binders. Journal of Building Engineering, 70, 106387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106387
Hamoda, A., Ghalla, M., Yehia, S. A., Ahmed, M., Abadel, A. A., Baktheer, A., & Shahin, R. I. (2024). Experimental and numerical investigations of the shear performance of reinforced concrete deep beams strengthened with hybrid SHCC–mesh. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 21, e03495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03495
Hamoda, A., Yehia, S. A., Ahmed, M., Abadel, A. A., Baktheer, A., & Shahin, R. I. (2024). Experimental and numerical analysis of deep beams with openings strengthened with galvanized corrugated and flat steel sheets. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 21, e03522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03522
Harsha, G., Sri, & Poluraju, P. (2021). Modified strut and tie method and truss reinforcement for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete deep beams. International Journal of Technology, 12, 65–77. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v12i1.3920 DOI: 10.14716/ijtech.v12i1.3920
Indriyantho, B. R., Prasetya, B. H., Hidayat, B. A., Prasetya, H. P., Han, A. L., & Kaliske, M. (2025). Tensile behavior of self-compacting geopolymer concrete considering tension stiffening. Journal of Building Engineering, 105, 112402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112402
Jin, L., Zhang, J., Song, B., Li, D., Li, P., & Du, X. (2023). Effect of stirrups on shear performance of geometrically similar reinforced concrete deep beams: An experimental study. Engineering Structures, 295, 116883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116883 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116883
Karthik, S., Mohan, K., Murali, G., Abid, S., & Dixit, S. (2024). Impact of various fibers on mode I, III and I/III fracture toughness in slag, fly ash, and silica fume-based geopolymer concrete using edge-notched disc bend specimen. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 134, 104751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2024.104751 DOI: 10.1016/j.tafmec.2024.104751
Kishore, K. (2023). Geopolymer concrete and its strength influencing variables. Materials Today: Proceedings, 80, 1434–1441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.01.225 DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.01.225
Li, K., Zou, Z., Zhang, Y., & Shuai, C. (2024). Assessing the spatial-temporal environmental efficiency of global construction sector. Science of the Total Environment, 951, 175604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175604
Manharawy, M. S., Mahmoud, A. A., El-Mahdy, O. O., & El-Diasity, M. H. (2022). Experimental and numerical investigation of lightweight foamed reinforced concrete deep beams with steel fibers. Engineering Structures, 260, 114202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114202 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114202
Manzoor, T., Bhat, J. A., & Shah, A. (2024). Performance of geopolymer concrete at elevated temperature: A critical review. Construction and Building Materials, 420, 135578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135578 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135578
Marathe, S., Sadowski, Ł., & Shree, N. (2024). Geopolymer and alkali-activated permeable concrete pavements: Bibliometrics and systematic current state of the art review, applications, and perspectives. Construction and Building Materials, 421, 135586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135586 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135586
Masoud, L., Hammoud, A., Mortada, Y., & Masad, E. (2024). Rheological, mechanical, and microscopic properties of polypropylene fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete for additive manufacturing. Construction and Building Materials, 38, 137069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137069 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137069
Nurjannah, S. A., Usman, A. P., Saloma, & Shafa, G. Z. (2024). Numerical analysis of self-compacting concrete deep beams performance with various spaces of transverse reinforcement. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 12(6), 3839–3855. https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2024.120608 DOI: 10.13189/cea.2024.120608
Nurjannah, S. A., Saloma, Usman, A. P., & Wibowo, M. L. P. P. (2022). A numerical study of the comparison of normal concrete and lightweight concrete exterior beam-column joints behavior to cyclic lateral loads. Journal of Applied Engineering Science, 20(3), 765–777. https://doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-36140 DOI: 10.5937/jaes0-36140
Nurjannah, S. A., Saloma, Yulindasari, Aminuddin, K. M., & Chuhairy, G. (2022). The analysis of numerical self-compacting concrete wall panel models with variations of shear reinforcement. Engineering Solid Mechanics, 11, 89–102. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.esm.2022.8.002 DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.8.002
Orhan, T. Y., Karakoç, M. B., & Ozcan, A. (2023). Durability characteristics of slag-based geopolymer concrete modified with crumb rubber. Construction and Building Materials, 404, 132851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132851 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132851
Purwanto, P., Ekaputri, J. J., Nuroji, B. R. I., Gan, B. S., & Han, A. L. (2023). Geopolymer haunch beam–column connection behavior. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 48, 13633–13648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-07921-7 DOI: 10.1007/s13369-023-07921-7
Purwanto, P., Ekaputri, J. J., Nuroji, Indriyantho, B. R., Han, A., & Gan, B. S. (2022). Shear-bond behavior of self-compacting geopolymer concrete to conventional concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 321, 126167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126167 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126167
Purwanto, P., Ekaputri, J. J., Nuroji, Indriyantho, B. R., Han, A., & Gan, B. S. (2022). Mix design formulation and stress–strain relationship of geopolymer concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 318, 126095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126095 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126095
Rifkah, Saloma, & Nurjannah, S. A. (2025). Compressive and tensile strength of fly ash-based lightweight geopolymer concrete with variation of Na₂SiO₃ and NaOH using expanded polystyrene. Research on Engineering Structures & Materials. http://dx.doi.org/10.17515/resm2025-734me0308rs (Published online first) DOI: 10.17515/resm2025-734me0308rs
Saloma, Hanafiah, Elysandi, D., & Meykan, D. (2017). Effect of Na₂SiO₃/NaOH on mechanical properties and microstructure of geopolymer mortar using fly ash and rice husk ash as precursor. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1903, 05013. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5011552 DOI: 10.1063/1.5011552
Saloma, Nurjannah, S. A., Usman, A. P., Aminuddin, K. M., Iqbal, M. M., & Rifkah. (2024). Shear capacity of geopolymer concrete deep beams with variation of transverse reinforcement ratio. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 12(1), 293–311. https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2024.120123 DOI: 10.13189/cea.2024.120123
Shyamala, G. (2022). Impact of reinforcement and geometry of deep beam: Research perspective. Materials Today: Proceedings, 68, 1556–1561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.07.189 DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.07.189
Swathi, & Vidjeapriya, R. (2023). Influence of precursor materials and molar ratios on normal, high, and ultra-high performance geopolymer concrete: A state-of-the-art review. Construction and Building Materials, 392, 132006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132006 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132006
Tayeh, A., Zeyad, A. M., Agwa, I. S., & Amin, M. (2021). Effect of elevated temperatures on the mechanical properties of lightweight geopolymer concrete. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 15, e00673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00673
Thomas, B. S., Yang, J., Bahurudeen, A., Chinnu, S. N., Abdalla, J. A., Hawileh, R. A., & Hamada, H. M. (2022). Geopolymer concrete incorporating recycled aggregates: A comprehensive review. Cleaner Materials, 3, 100056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2022.100056 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2022.100056
Thompson, M. K., & Thompson, J. M. (2017). ANSYS mechanical APDL for finite element analysis. Butterworth-Heinemann.
Toth, Z., & Volt, J. (2021). Whole-life carbon: Challenges and solutions for highly efficient and climate-neutral buildings. Buildings Performance Institute Europe.
Wu, H., Zhuang, X., Zhang, W., & Zhao, Z. (2022). Anisotropic ductile fracture: Experiments, modeling, and numerical simulations. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 20, 833–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.07.128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.07.128
Zhang, B. (2024). Durability of low-carbon geopolymer concrete: A critical review. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 40, e00882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e00882 DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e00882
Zhang, H., Chen, Y., Chen, H., Xiao, Q., & Xu, W. (2022). Experimental investigation and simulation on load-transfer paths in optimally designed RC deep beams. Engineering Structures, 278, 115469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115469 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115469
Zhang, J., Li, S. S., Xie, W., & Guo, Y. D. (2020). Experimental study on shear capacity of high-strength reinforced concrete deep beams with small shear span–depth ratio. Materials, 13, 1218. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051218 DOI: 10.3390/ma13051218
Zhao, J., Wang, S., Wang, Z., Wang, K., & Fu, C. (2023). Bond performance between FRP bars and geopolymer concrete after elevated temperature exposure. Construction and Building Materials, 384, 131476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131476 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131476
Zheng, K., Zhou, S., Zhang, Y., Wei, Y., Wang, J., Wang, Y., & Qin, X. (2023). Simplified evaluation of shear stiffness degradation of diagonally cracked reinforced concrete beams. Materials, 16(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134752 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134752
Zhou, F., Fang, J., Jiang, Z., Shi, C., Liu, Y., Zhang, Z., & Qin, B. (2024). Investigation on torsional behavior of geopolymer concrete members. Journal of Building Engineering, 92, 109708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109708
Zhong, H., Fu, H., Feng, Y., Li, L., Zhang, B., Chen, Z., Lu, Z., & Xie, J. (2024). Compressive behaviors of high-strength geopolymeric concretes: The role of recycled fine aggregate. Buildings, 14, 1097. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041097 DOI: 10.3390/buildings14041097

Download PDF

[ref-1] Abbood, S. (2023). Strut-and-tie model and its applications in reinforced concrete deep beams: A comprehensive review. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 19, e02643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02643

[ref-2] American Concrete Institute. (2022). Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary (ACI 318-19). ACI.

[ref-3] Arlan, M., Saloma, Nurjannah, S. A., Usman, A. P., Saggaff, A., Juliantina, I., & Ilmiaty, R. S. (2024). Behavior of beam-column joint self-compacting concrete (SCC) using steel fiber 5D under lateral cyclic loading. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 12(5), 3562–3570. https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2024.120531 DOI: 10.13189/cea.2024.120531

[ref-4] ASTM C78-02. (2016). Standard test method for flexural strength of concrete (using simple beam with third-point loading). ASTM International.

[ref-5] Badshah, M., Badshah, S., & Jan, S. (2020). Comparison of computational fluid dynamics and fluid structure interaction models for the performance prediction of tidal current turbines. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science, 5, 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2019.10.001 DOI: 10.1016/j.joes.2019.10.001

[ref-6] Danish, A., Ozbakkaloglu, T., Mosaberpanah, M. A., Salim, M. U., Bayram, M., Yeon, J. H., & Jafar, K. (2022). Sustainability benefits and commercialization challenges and strategies of geopolymer concrete: A review. Journal of Building Engineering, 58, 105005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105005

[ref-7] Decanini, L., Liberatore, L., Mollaioli, F., & De Sortis, A. (2005). Estimation of near-source ground motion and seismic behavior of RC framed structures damaged by the 1999 Athens earthquake. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 9(5), 609–635. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460509350559 DOI: 10.1080/13632460509350559

[ref-8] Eltantawi, I., Sheikh, M., & Hadi, M. (2024). Design of a novel ternary blended self-compacting ultra-high-performance geopolymer concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 451, 138819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.138819 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.138819

[ref-9] Eric, Saloma, Usman, A. P., Saggaff, A., Hashim, M. F. A., & Usman, F. (2024). Behavior of exterior beam-column joints steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC) against cyclic lateral loads. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 12(3A), 2043–2056. https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2024.121309 DOI: 10.13189/cea.2024.121309

[ref-10] Fayyad, T. M., & Lees, J. M. (2017). Experimental investigation of crack propagation and crack branching in lightly reinforced concrete beams using digital image correlation. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 182, 487–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.04.051Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2000). FEMA 356, Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings, Washington DC. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.04.051federal

[ref-11] Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2000). FEMA 356: Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. FEMA.

[ref-12] Feng, Y., Xue, Z., Zhong, H., Zhang, B., Yang, J., & Xie, J. (2024). Improving geopolymer concrete performance with hazardous solid waste phosphogypsum. Journal of Building Engineering, 95, 110333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110333

[ref-13] Feng, Y., Xue, Z., Zhang, B., Xie, J., Chen, C., Tan, J., & Zhao, C. (2023). Effects of phosphogypsum substitution on the performance of ground granulated blast furnace slag/fly ash-based alkali-activated binders. Journal of Building Engineering, 70, 106387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106387

[ref-14] Hamoda, A., Ghalla, M., Yehia, S. A., Ahmed, M., Abadel, A. A., Baktheer, A., & Shahin, R. I. (2024). Experimental and numerical investigations of the shear performance of reinforced concrete deep beams strengthened with hybrid SHCC–mesh. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 21, e03495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03495

[ref-15] Hamoda, A., Yehia, S. A., Ahmed, M., Abadel, A. A., Baktheer, A., & Shahin, R. I. (2024). Experimental and numerical analysis of deep beams with openings strengthened with galvanized corrugated and flat steel sheets. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 21, e03522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03522

[ref-16] Harsha, G., Sri, & Poluraju, P. (2021). Modified strut and tie method and truss reinforcement for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete deep beams. International Journal of Technology, 12, 65–77. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v12i1.3920 DOI: 10.14716/ijtech.v12i1.3920

[ref-17] Indriyantho, B. R., Prasetya, B. H., Hidayat, B. A., Prasetya, H. P., Han, A. L., & Kaliske, M. (2025). Tensile behavior of self-compacting geopolymer concrete considering tension stiffening. Journal of Building Engineering, 105, 112402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112402

[ref-18] Jin, L., Zhang, J., Song, B., Li, D., Li, P., & Du, X. (2023). Effect of stirrups on shear performance of geometrically similar reinforced concrete deep beams: An experimental study. Engineering Structures, 295, 116883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116883 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116883

[ref-19] Karthik, S., Mohan, K., Murali, G., Abid, S., & Dixit, S. (2024). Impact of various fibers on mode I, III and I/III fracture toughness in slag, fly ash, and silica fume-based geopolymer concrete using edge-notched disc bend specimen. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 134, 104751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2024.104751 DOI: 10.1016/j.tafmec.2024.104751

[ref-20] Kishore, K. (2023). Geopolymer concrete and its strength influencing variables. Materials Today: Proceedings, 80, 1434–1441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.01.225 DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.01.225

[ref-21] Li, K., Zou, Z., Zhang, Y., & Shuai, C. (2024). Assessing the spatial-temporal environmental efficiency of global construction sector. Science of the Total Environment, 951, 175604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175604

[ref-22] Manharawy, M. S., Mahmoud, A. A., El-Mahdy, O. O., & El-Diasity, M. H. (2022). Experimental and numerical investigation of lightweight foamed reinforced concrete deep beams with steel fibers. Engineering Structures, 260, 114202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114202 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114202

[ref-23] Manzoor, T., Bhat, J. A., & Shah, A. (2024). Performance of geopolymer concrete at elevated temperature: A critical review. Construction and Building Materials, 420, 135578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135578 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135578

[ref-24] Marathe, S., Sadowski, Ł., & Shree, N. (2024). Geopolymer and alkali-activated permeable concrete pavements: Bibliometrics and systematic current state of the art review, applications, and perspectives. Construction and Building Materials, 421, 135586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135586 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135586

[ref-25] Masoud, L., Hammoud, A., Mortada, Y., & Masad, E. (2024). Rheological, mechanical, and microscopic properties of polypropylene fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete for additive manufacturing. Construction and Building Materials, 38, 137069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137069 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137069

[ref-26] Nurjannah, S. A., Usman, A. P., Saloma, & Shafa, G. Z. (2024). Numerical analysis of self-compacting concrete deep beams performance with various spaces of transverse reinforcement. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 12(6), 3839–3855. https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2024.120608 DOI: 10.13189/cea.2024.120608

[ref-27] Nurjannah, S. A., Saloma, Usman, A. P., & Wibowo, M. L. P. P. (2022). A numerical study of the comparison of normal concrete and lightweight concrete exterior beam-column joints behavior to cyclic lateral loads. Journal of Applied Engineering Science, 20(3), 765–777. https://doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-36140 DOI: 10.5937/jaes0-36140

[ref-28] Nurjannah, S. A., Saloma, Yulindasari, Aminuddin, K. M., & Chuhairy, G. (2022). The analysis of numerical self-compacting concrete wall panel models with variations of shear reinforcement. Engineering Solid Mechanics, 11, 89–102. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.esm.2022.8.002 DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.8.002

[ref-29] Orhan, T. Y., Karakoç, M. B., & Ozcan, A. (2023). Durability characteristics of slag-based geopolymer concrete modified with crumb rubber. Construction and Building Materials, 404, 132851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132851 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132851

[ref-30] Purwanto, P., Ekaputri, J. J., Nuroji, B. R. I., Gan, B. S., & Han, A. L. (2023). Geopolymer haunch beam–column connection behavior. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 48, 13633–13648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-07921-7 DOI: 10.1007/s13369-023-07921-7

[ref-31] Purwanto, P., Ekaputri, J. J., Nuroji, Indriyantho, B. R., Han, A., & Gan, B. S. (2022). Shear-bond behavior of self-compacting geopolymer concrete to conventional concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 321, 126167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126167 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126167

[ref-32] Purwanto, P., Ekaputri, J. J., Nuroji, Indriyantho, B. R., Han, A., & Gan, B. S. (2022). Mix design formulation and stress–strain relationship of geopolymer concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 318, 126095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126095 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126095

[ref-33] Rifkah, Saloma, & Nurjannah, S. A. (2025). Compressive and tensile strength of fly ash-based lightweight geopolymer concrete with variation of Na₂SiO₃ and NaOH using expanded polystyrene. Research on Engineering Structures & Materials. http://dx.doi.org/10.17515/resm2025-734me0308rs (Published online first) DOI: 10.17515/resm2025-734me0308rs

[ref-34] Saloma, Hanafiah, Elysandi, D., & Meykan, D. (2017). Effect of Na₂SiO₃/NaOH on mechanical properties and microstructure of geopolymer mortar using fly ash and rice husk ash as precursor. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1903, 05013. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5011552 DOI: 10.1063/1.5011552

[ref-35] Saloma, Nurjannah, S. A., Usman, A. P., Aminuddin, K. M., Iqbal, M. M., & Rifkah. (2024). Shear capacity of geopolymer concrete deep beams with variation of transverse reinforcement ratio. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 12(1), 293–311. https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2024.120123 DOI: 10.13189/cea.2024.120123

[ref-36] Shyamala, G. (2022). Impact of reinforcement and geometry of deep beam: Research perspective. Materials Today: Proceedings, 68, 1556–1561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.07.189 DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.07.189

[ref-37] Swathi, & Vidjeapriya, R. (2023). Influence of precursor materials and molar ratios on normal, high, and ultra-high performance geopolymer concrete: A state-of-the-art review. Construction and Building Materials, 392, 132006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132006 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132006

[ref-38] Tayeh, A., Zeyad, A. M., Agwa, I. S., & Amin, M. (2021). Effect of elevated temperatures on the mechanical properties of lightweight geopolymer concrete. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 15, e00673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00673

[ref-39] Thomas, B. S., Yang, J., Bahurudeen, A., Chinnu, S. N., Abdalla, J. A., Hawileh, R. A., & Hamada, H. M. (2022). Geopolymer concrete incorporating recycled aggregates: A comprehensive review. Cleaner Materials, 3, 100056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2022.100056 DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2022.100056

[ref-40] Thompson, M. K., & Thompson, J. M. (2017). ANSYS mechanical APDL for finite element analysis. Butterworth-Heinemann.

[ref-41] Toth, Z., & Volt, J. (2021). Whole-life carbon: Challenges and solutions for highly efficient and climate-neutral buildings. Buildings Performance Institute Europe.

[ref-42] Wu, H., Zhuang, X., Zhang, W., & Zhao, Z. (2022). Anisotropic ductile fracture: Experiments, modeling, and numerical simulations. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 20, 833–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.07.128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.07.128

[ref-43] Zhang, B. (2024). Durability of low-carbon geopolymer concrete: A critical review. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 40, e00882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e00882 DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e00882

[ref-44] Zhang, H., Chen, Y., Chen, H., Xiao, Q., & Xu, W. (2022). Experimental investigation and simulation on load-transfer paths in optimally designed RC deep beams. Engineering Structures, 278, 115469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115469 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115469

[ref-45] Zhang, J., Li, S. S., Xie, W., & Guo, Y. D. (2020). Experimental study on shear capacity of high-strength reinforced concrete deep beams with small shear span–depth ratio. Materials, 13, 1218. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051218 DOI: 10.3390/ma13051218

[ref-46] Zhao, J., Wang, S., Wang, Z., Wang, K., & Fu, C. (2023). Bond performance between FRP bars and geopolymer concrete after elevated temperature exposure. Construction and Building Materials, 384, 131476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131476 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131476

[ref-47] Zheng, K., Zhou, S., Zhang, Y., Wei, Y., Wang, J., Wang, Y., & Qin, X. (2023). Simplified evaluation of shear stiffness degradation of diagonally cracked reinforced concrete beams. Materials, 16(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134752 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134752

[ref-48] Zhou, F., Fang, J., Jiang, Z., Shi, C., Liu, Y., Zhang, Z., & Qin, B. (2024). Investigation on torsional behavior of geopolymer concrete members. Journal of Building Engineering, 92, 109708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109708

[ref-49] Zhong, H., Fu, H., Feng, Y., Li, L., Zhang, B., Chen, Z., Lu, Z., & Xie, J. (2024). Compressive behaviors of high-strength geopolymeric concretes: The role of recycled fine aggregate. Buildings, 14, 1097. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041097 DOI: 10.3390/buildings14041097