Implementing Underground Water Storage Tank to Stabilize Intermittent Water Supply in Jakarta, Indonesia

Nicco Plamonia; Rizky Pratama Adhi; Merri Jayanti; Muhammad Komarudin; Budi Kurniawan; Syaefudin Syaefudin; Ahmad Pratama Putra; Luky Pradita; Raden Arif Suryanegara; Haerul Hidayaturrahman; Ikhsan Budi Wahyono; Shafira Rahmadilla Hape

doi:10.5614/jpwk.2026.37.1.1

Implementing Underground Water Storage Tank to Stabilize Intermittent Water Supply in Jakarta, Indonesia

Published: 2026-01-01 | DOI: 10.5614/jpwk.2026.37.1.1 | Vol 37, Issue 1 (2026)

Authors

Nicco Plamonia

Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia

ORCID: 0000-0002-6308-7946 · OpenAlex: A5043118150

Rizky Pratama Adhi

Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia

OpenAlex: A5074553271

Merri Jayanti

Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesiav

ORCID: 0000-0002-5825-6952 · OpenAlex: A5065870483

Muhammad Komarudin

Oceanography Research Center, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia

OpenAlex: A5132980872

Budi Kurniawan

Research Center for Limnology and Water Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia

OpenAlex: A5132982623

Syaefudin Syaefudin

Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia

OpenAlex: A5132993791

Ahmad Pratama Putra

Geological Disaster Research Center, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia

OpenAlex: A5044711585

Luky Pradita

National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia

ORCID: 0000-0003-3671-7321 · OpenAlex: A5010035826

Raden Arif Suryanegara

Research Center for Mining Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia

OpenAlex: A5132980698

Haerul Hidayaturrahman

Research Center for Mining Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia

ORCID: 0000-0002-7867-7236 · OpenAlex: A5021321442

Ikhsan Budi Wahyono

Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technologies, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia

OpenAlex: A5064505370

Shafira Rahmadilla Hape

Research Center for Limnology and Water Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia

OpenAlex: A5132991548

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Abstract

This study addresses the issue of intermittent water supply in Jakarta, focusing on the use of underground water storage tanks (UWSTs) to stabilize water availability in three commercial buildings. Surveys showed that the average pressure from drinking water utilities over five consecutive days was only 4 m head—considered critically low. The research proposes installing UWSTs to store water during off-peak hours for redistribution during peak demand or supply outages. The study also analyzed the influence of commuter and resident water-use patterns, with an estimated tank capacity of 25.69 m³ per site to accommodate varying demand. Field data processing and simulations demonstrated that UWSTs can markedly improve supply consistency, particularly during peak hours. Optimizing the tank design within the space constraints in the buildings proved effective in balancing storage capacity and structural integrity. The integration of UWSTs with pressure-management strategies offers a practical and resilience-based approach to Jakarta’s urban water-supply challenges. Residential and office-sector consumption data were specifically integrated into a composite daily pattern to characterize urban peak-demand behavior in Jakarta. The solution proposed in this study is considered sustainable because it utilizes the existing water supply without increasing extraction, while improving temporal distribution efficiency during low-pressure periods.

Keywords

ground water tank; water supply stability; water consumption patterns; commuter and permanent resident; Jakarta water distribution

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Research Intelligence

Data from OpenAlex ↗

Metrics

0.00

FWCIfield-weighted

26th

Percentilevs same year + field

Article

Work type

DIAMOND

Open Access

Topics

Water Systems and Optimization Primary

0.47

Civil and Structural Engineering › Engineering › Physical Sciences

Water resources management and optimization

0.11

Water management and technologies

0.05

Semantic Profile AI-classified research signals

Core Domains

Environmental science 0.68

level 0

Water supply 0.66

level 2

Storage tank 0.58

level 2

Secondary Topics

Water consumption 0.50 Environmental engineering 0.43 Groundwater 0.43 Installation 0.39 Water saving 0.34 Consumption (sociology) 0.33 Water tanks 0.32 Water pressure 0.30 Water resources 0.30 Water resource management 0.29

Institution Network

National Research and Innovation Agency ID
Nicco Plamonia · Rizky Pratama Adhi · Budi Kurniawan · Syaefudin Syaefudin · Luky Pradita · Raden Arif Suryanegara · Haerul Hidayaturrahman · Shafira Rahmadilla Hape
National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia ID
Merri Jayanti · Luky Pradita · Ikhsan Budi Wahyono
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency US
Muhammad Komarudin
National Emergency Management Agency KR
Ahmad Pratama Putra

References

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Artiola, J. F., Rock, C., & Fix, G. (2012). Water storage tank disinfection, testing, and maintenance.
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Cengel, Y., & Cimbala, J. (2013). Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications (SI units). McGraw-Hill Education. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=LIZvEAAAQBAJ
Ciesielska, M., Boström, K. W., & Öhlander, M. (2017). Observation methods. In Qualitative methodologies in organization studies: Volume II: Methods and possibilities (pp. 33–52). Springer.
Gauthier, V., Besner, M.-C., Barbeau, B., Millette, R., & Prévost, M. (2000). Storage tank management to improve drinking water quality: case study. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 126(4), 221–228.
Ghanad, A. (2023). An overview of quantitative research methods. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 6(08), 3794–3803.
Jain, N. (2021). Survey versus interviews: Comparing data collection tools for exploratory research. The Qualitative Report, 26(2), 541–554.
Jamshidzadeh, Z., & Mirbagheri, S. A. (2011). Evaluation of groundwater quantity and quality in the Kashan Basin, Central Iran. Desalination, 270(1–3), 23–30.
Jayanti, M., Marganingrum, D., Plamonia, N., Santoso, H., Mariana, M., Ariesyady, H. D., & Sabar, A. (2025). The operation optimization of multipurpose reservoir between ARIMA, Continuous, and Markov Chain models on Jatigede reservoir, Indonesia. Water Cycle.
Jurado, A., Vázquez-Suñé, E., & Pujades, E. (2017). Potential uses of pumped urban groundwater: a case study in Sant Adrià del Besòs (Spain). Hydrogeology Journal, 25(6), 1745.
Larock, B. E., Jeppson, R. W., & Watters, G. Z. (1999). Hydraulics of Pipeline Systems. CRC Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=RAMX5xuXSrUC
McGinnis, M. D. (2011). An introduction to IAD and the language of the Ostrom workshop: a simple guide to a complex framework. In Policy Studies Journal (Vol. 39, Number 1). Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
M.Natsir, Triyono, A., M.Natsir, Wibowo, A., Mohamed, S., Bambang, A. W., AW, B., Rodríguez-Flores, J., Herrera-Perez, V., Pacheco-Cunduri, M., Hernandez-Ambato, J., Paredes-Camacho, A., Delgado-Prieto, M., Widiana, I. N., Giriantari, I. A. D., Setiawan, I. N., McKee, S., Sneyd, A. D., Tomé, M. F., … Mellion, M. J. (2010). Risk criticality and allocation in privatised water supply projects in Indonesia. International Journal of Project Management, 19(2), 3. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.08.003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.08.003
Mulyana, R., Suryawan, I. W. K., Septiariva, I. Y., Prayogo, W., Suhardono, S., Sari, M. M., & Arifianingsih, N. N. (2024a). An exploration into behavioral determinants of water-saving attitudes and their sociodemographic influences in Jakarta, Indonesia. Water Conservation and Management, 8(1), 115–122.
Mulyana, R., Suryawan, I. W. K., Septiariva, I. Y., Prayogo, W., Suhardono, S., Sari, M. M., & Arifianingsih, N. N. (2024b). An exploration into behavioral determinants of water-saving attitudes and their sociodemographic influences in Jakarta, Indonesia. Water Conservation and Management, 8(1), 115–122.
Munson, B. R., Young, D. F., & Okiishi, T. H. (1990). Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. Wiley. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=3IxRAAAAMAAJ
Munson, B. R., Young, D. F., & Okiishi, T. H. (1998). Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics (Number v. 1). Wiley. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1I1RAAAAMAAJ
Nugroho, R. (2020). Theory Failure of Policy Implementation: Behind the Failed of Jakarta Water. Rumah Reformasi Kebijakan [Institute for Policy Reform].
Plamonia, N. (2020). Improving the Coverage Area of Drinking Water Provision by Using Build Operate and Transfer Investments in Indonesia. In An Institutional Analysis [Dissertation]. University of Twente. University of Twente. https://doi.org/10.3990/1.9789036550901 DOI: 10.3990/1.9789036550901
Plamonia, N., Anjani, R., Amru, K., & Sudaryanto, A. (2024). Exploring effective institutional models for piped drinking water management: a comparative study of Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur and proposal of a new model for Indonesia’s new capital city. Water Practice and Technology, wpt2024291. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2024.291 DOI: 10.2166/wpt.2024.291
Plamonia, N., Dewa, R. P., Jayanti, M., Riyadi, A., Rahayu, B., Diyono, Sahwan, F. L., Chandra, H., Sulistiawan, I. N., Sudiana, N., Hidayat, N., Prasetiyadi, Tilottama, R. D., Irawanto, R., Wahyono, S., Suprapto, Juniati, A. T., & Nyoman Teguh Prasidha, I. (2025). Sustainable Water Distribution Design for Indonesia’s New Capital, Nusantara: Integrating Eco-Design and Economic Principles. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 20(2), 537–554. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.200207 DOI: 10.18280/ijsdp.200207
Plamonia, N., & Pribadi, K. S. (2024). How Drinking Water Supply PPPs Last After 25 Years (1998–2023) Does It Work? Jurnal Teknik Sipill 2024.
Plamonia, N., Saputra, E. R. A., Said, N. I., Hernaningsih, T., Widayat, W., Hanif, M., Adi, P. D., Yohanitas, W. A., Niode, N., & Dewa, R. P. (2024). Penstock pipe’s hydraulic design for the mini hydropower plant at Besai Kemu, Bukit Kemuning, Lampung, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1388(1), 012057. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1388/1/012057 DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1388/1/012057
Purohit, K., Harsha, S. P., & Purohit, R. K. (2012). Fluid Mechanics. Scientific Publishers. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=MRqVDwAAQBAJ
Rahman, H. Z., Juniati, A. T., Miraj, P., Zuna, H. T., & Plamonia, N. (2024). Evaluating consumer insights in water services: perspectives on health benefits, pricing tolerance, and continuous service demand. Water Practice & Technology. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2024.064 DOI: 10.2166/wpt.2024.064
Rizik, A. F., Soelarso, S., & Baehaki, B. (2024). Analysis of Optimization of Cross-Sections and Reinforcement of Building Structures Based on SNI 2847-2019 and SNI 1726-2019. Fondasi: Jurnal Teknik Sipil, 13(2), 168–179.
Sanjuan-Delmás, D., Hernando-Canovas, E., Pujadas, P., de la Fuente, A., Gabarrell, X., Rieradevall, J., & Josa, A. (2015). Environmental and geometric optimisation of cylindrical drinking water storage tanks. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 20, 1612–1624.
Sekhar, C. H. C., Vijayalakshmi, K., Sahaai, M. B., Rao, A. S., & Murugan, S. (2023). Cloud-based Water Tank Management and Control System. 2023 Second International Conference On Smart Technologies For Smart Nation (SmartTechCon), 641–646.
Setiadi, W., & Pratiwiningrum, A. Z. (2020). A remunicipalization idea on water management in DKI Jakarta province. Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, 19(3), 630–648.
Slavik, I., Oliveira, K. R., Cheung, P. B., & Uhl, W. (2020). Water quality aspects related to domestic drinking water storage tanks and consideration in current standards and guidelines throughout the world–a review. Journal of Water and Health, 18(4), 439–463.
Streeter, V. L., Wylie, E. B., & Bedford, K. W. (2014). Fluid mechanics. Mc Graw Hill Education.
Taftazani, R., Kazama, S., & Takizawa, S. (2022). Spatial analysis of groundwater abstraction and land subsidence for planning the piped water supply in Jakarta, Indonesia. Water, 14(20), 3197.
Wang, J., Zha, C., Wang, W., Chen, G., & Liu, L. (2025). Simulation-based optimization of urban water storage tank operations: Balancing hydraulic stability, water quality, and energy conservation. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 71, 107162.
White, F. M. (2011). Fluid Mechanics. McGraw Hill. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=egk8SQAACAAJ

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[ref-1] Ardhianie, N., Daniel, D., Purwanto, P., & Kismartini, K. (2022). Jakarta water supply provision strategy based on supply and demand analysis. H2Open Journal, 5(2), 221–233. DOI: 10.2166/h2oj.2022.076

[ref-2] Artiola, J. F., Rock, C., & Fix, G. (2012). Water storage tank disinfection, testing, and maintenance.

[ref-3] Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi DKI Jakarta (2021). Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi DKI Jakarta “Provinsi DKI Jakartadalam Angka 2021.” BPS Provinsi DKI Jakarta, (1), 1–910. https://jakarta.bps.go.id/id/publication/2023/02/28/fd35fcb5d10a1e03f0d71348/provinsi-dki-jakarta-dalam-angka-2023.html

[ref-4] Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi DKI Jakarta. (2023, March). Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi DKI Jakarta “Provinsi DKI Jakarta Dalam Angka 2023.” https://jakarta.bps.go.id/id/publication/2023/02/28/fd35fcb5d10a1e03f0d71348/provinsi-dki-jakarta-dalam-angka-2023.html

[ref-5] Cengel, Y., & Cimbala, J. (2013). Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications (SI units). McGraw-Hill Education. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=LIZvEAAAQBAJ

[ref-6] Ciesielska, M., Boström, K. W., & Öhlander, M. (2017). Observation methods. In Qualitative methodologies in organization studies: Volume II: Methods and possibilities (pp. 33–52). Springer.

[ref-7] Gauthier, V., Besner, M.-C., Barbeau, B., Millette, R., & Prévost, M. (2000). Storage tank management to improve drinking water quality: case study. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 126(4), 221–228.

[ref-8] Ghanad, A. (2023). An overview of quantitative research methods. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 6(08), 3794–3803.

[ref-9] Jain, N. (2021). Survey versus interviews: Comparing data collection tools for exploratory research. The Qualitative Report, 26(2), 541–554.

[ref-10] Jamshidzadeh, Z., & Mirbagheri, S. A. (2011). Evaluation of groundwater quantity and quality in the Kashan Basin, Central Iran. Desalination, 270(1–3), 23–30.

[ref-11] Jayanti, M., Marganingrum, D., Plamonia, N., Santoso, H., Mariana, M., Ariesyady, H. D., & Sabar, A. (2025). The operation optimization of multipurpose reservoir between ARIMA, Continuous, and Markov Chain models on Jatigede reservoir, Indonesia. Water Cycle.

[ref-12] Jurado, A., Vázquez-Suñé, E., & Pujades, E. (2017). Potential uses of pumped urban groundwater: a case study in Sant Adrià del Besòs (Spain). Hydrogeology Journal, 25(6), 1745.

[ref-13] Larock, B. E., Jeppson, R. W., & Watters, G. Z. (1999). Hydraulics of Pipeline Systems. CRC Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=RAMX5xuXSrUC

[ref-14] McGinnis, M. D. (2011). An introduction to IAD and the language of the Ostrom workshop: a simple guide to a complex framework. In Policy Studies Journal (Vol. 39, Number 1). Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

[ref-15] M.Natsir, Triyono, A., M.Natsir, Wibowo, A., Mohamed, S., Bambang, A. W., AW, B., Rodríguez-Flores, J., Herrera-Perez, V., Pacheco-Cunduri, M., Hernandez-Ambato, J., Paredes-Camacho, A., Delgado-Prieto, M., Widiana, I. N., Giriantari, I. A. D., Setiawan, I. N., McKee, S., Sneyd, A. D., Tomé, M. F., … Mellion, M. J. (2010). Risk criticality and allocation in privatised water supply projects in Indonesia. International Journal of Project Management, 19(2), 3. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.08.003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.08.003

[ref-16] Mulyana, R., Suryawan, I. W. K., Septiariva, I. Y., Prayogo, W., Suhardono, S., Sari, M. M., & Arifianingsih, N. N. (2024a). An exploration into behavioral determinants of water-saving attitudes and their sociodemographic influences in Jakarta, Indonesia. Water Conservation and Management, 8(1), 115–122.

[ref-17] Mulyana, R., Suryawan, I. W. K., Septiariva, I. Y., Prayogo, W., Suhardono, S., Sari, M. M., & Arifianingsih, N. N. (2024b). An exploration into behavioral determinants of water-saving attitudes and their sociodemographic influences in Jakarta, Indonesia. Water Conservation and Management, 8(1), 115–122.

[ref-18] Munson, B. R., Young, D. F., & Okiishi, T. H. (1990). Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. Wiley. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=3IxRAAAAMAAJ

[ref-19] Munson, B. R., Young, D. F., & Okiishi, T. H. (1998). Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics (Number v. 1). Wiley. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1I1RAAAAMAAJ

[ref-20] Nugroho, R. (2020). Theory Failure of Policy Implementation: Behind the Failed of Jakarta Water. Rumah Reformasi Kebijakan [Institute for Policy Reform].

[ref-21] Plamonia, N. (2020). Improving the Coverage Area of Drinking Water Provision by Using Build Operate and Transfer Investments in Indonesia. In An Institutional Analysis [Dissertation]. University of Twente. University of Twente. https://doi.org/10.3990/1.9789036550901 DOI: 10.3990/1.9789036550901

[ref-22] Plamonia, N., Anjani, R., Amru, K., & Sudaryanto, A. (2024). Exploring effective institutional models for piped drinking water management: a comparative study of Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur and proposal of a new model for Indonesia’s new capital city. Water Practice and Technology, wpt2024291. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2024.291 DOI: 10.2166/wpt.2024.291

[ref-23] Plamonia, N., Dewa, R. P., Jayanti, M., Riyadi, A., Rahayu, B., Diyono, Sahwan, F. L., Chandra, H., Sulistiawan, I. N., Sudiana, N., Hidayat, N., Prasetiyadi, Tilottama, R. D., Irawanto, R., Wahyono, S., Suprapto, Juniati, A. T., & Nyoman Teguh Prasidha, I. (2025). Sustainable Water Distribution Design for Indonesia’s New Capital, Nusantara: Integrating Eco-Design and Economic Principles. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 20(2), 537–554. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.200207 DOI: 10.18280/ijsdp.200207

[ref-24] Plamonia, N., & Pribadi, K. S. (2024). How Drinking Water Supply PPPs Last After 25 Years (1998–2023) Does It Work? Jurnal Teknik Sipill 2024.

[ref-25] Plamonia, N., Saputra, E. R. A., Said, N. I., Hernaningsih, T., Widayat, W., Hanif, M., Adi, P. D., Yohanitas, W. A., Niode, N., & Dewa, R. P. (2024). Penstock pipe’s hydraulic design for the mini hydropower plant at Besai Kemu, Bukit Kemuning, Lampung, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1388(1), 012057. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1388/1/012057 DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1388/1/012057

[ref-26] Purohit, K., Harsha, S. P., & Purohit, R. K. (2012). Fluid Mechanics. Scientific Publishers. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=MRqVDwAAQBAJ

[ref-27] Rahman, H. Z., Juniati, A. T., Miraj, P., Zuna, H. T., & Plamonia, N. (2024). Evaluating consumer insights in water services: perspectives on health benefits, pricing tolerance, and continuous service demand. Water Practice & Technology. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2024.064 DOI: 10.2166/wpt.2024.064

[ref-28] Rizik, A. F., Soelarso, S., & Baehaki, B. (2024). Analysis of Optimization of Cross-Sections and Reinforcement of Building Structures Based on SNI 2847-2019 and SNI 1726-2019. Fondasi: Jurnal Teknik Sipil, 13(2), 168–179.

[ref-29] Sanjuan-Delmás, D., Hernando-Canovas, E., Pujadas, P., de la Fuente, A., Gabarrell, X., Rieradevall, J., & Josa, A. (2015). Environmental and geometric optimisation of cylindrical drinking water storage tanks. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 20, 1612–1624.

[ref-30] Sekhar, C. H. C., Vijayalakshmi, K., Sahaai, M. B., Rao, A. S., & Murugan, S. (2023). Cloud-based Water Tank Management and Control System. 2023 Second International Conference On Smart Technologies For Smart Nation (SmartTechCon), 641–646.

[ref-31] Setiadi, W., & Pratiwiningrum, A. Z. (2020). A remunicipalization idea on water management in DKI Jakarta province. Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, 19(3), 630–648.

[ref-32] Slavik, I., Oliveira, K. R., Cheung, P. B., & Uhl, W. (2020). Water quality aspects related to domestic drinking water storage tanks and consideration in current standards and guidelines throughout the world–a review. Journal of Water and Health, 18(4), 439–463.

[ref-33] Streeter, V. L., Wylie, E. B., & Bedford, K. W. (2014). Fluid mechanics. Mc Graw Hill Education.

[ref-34] Taftazani, R., Kazama, S., & Takizawa, S. (2022). Spatial analysis of groundwater abstraction and land subsidence for planning the piped water supply in Jakarta, Indonesia. Water, 14(20), 3197.

[ref-35] Wang, J., Zha, C., Wang, W., Chen, G., & Liu, L. (2025). Simulation-based optimization of urban water storage tank operations: Balancing hydraulic stability, water quality, and energy conservation. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 71, 107162.

[ref-36] White, F. M. (2011). Fluid Mechanics. McGraw Hill. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=egk8SQAACAAJ