Optimization of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium Production for Biomaterial Production on Solid Medium with Bamboo and Empty Palm Oil Bunch Variation

Mustika Dewi; Rakha Pradipa Bhagaskara Susanto; I Nyoman Pugeg Aryantha

doi:10.5614/3bio.2026.8.2.5

Optimization of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium Production for Biomaterial Production on Solid Medium with Bamboo and Empty Palm Oil Bunch Variation

Published: 2026-01-01 | DOI: 10.5614/3bio.2026.8.2.5 | Vol 8, Issue 2 (2026)

Authors

Mustika Dewi

OpenAlex: A5134414608

Rakha Pradipa Bhagaskara Susanto

OpenAlex: A5134446045

I Nyoman Pugeg Aryantha

OpenAlex: A5134394555

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Abstract

The chemical composition of sengon wood is ideal for the nutritional needs of fungi, particularly wood fungi. Fungi obtain their energy by degrading the lignocellulosic components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) found in wood. Although sengon is an excellent substrate, its availability is limited, and its price continues to rise. Potential alternative cultivation media include bamboo and oil palm, which are the natural habitats of Ganoderma lucidum. This study investigates the potential of bamboo sawdust and shredded empty palm oil fruit bunches (EFB) as alternative substrates for growing G.lucidum. Currently, G. lucidum is cultivated using a cereal-based medium with sengon sawdust waste. This study examines the growth of G. lucidum in media containing bamboo sawdust and EFB as an alternative media derived from organic waste. The experiment involves three stages: inoculating G. lucidum into media with varying concentrations of bamboo sawdust and EFB, adapting the fungus to complex media with different concentrations of these materials, and finally substituting sengon sawdust with bamboo sawdust or EFB in a control medium to observe growth parameters. The results showed that most media supplemented with bamboo sawdust and EFB, except for the 2% and 4% bamboo sawdust concentrations in the first stage, significantly increased growth (p < 0.05). However, in the second stage, only certain concentrations (25% bamboo sawdust and 50% EFB) achieved the same growth rate as the control. In the third stage, G. lucidum in media modified with bamboo showed significantly faster growth, although the loss of organic matter was not significantly different. Although bamboo and EFB did not increase the biomass production of G. lucidum mycelium both showed potential as alternatives. These findings indicate that these materials are suitable for use as a growth medium for G. lucidum.

Keywords

Sawdust; Biomaterial; Ganoderma lucidum; Mycelium; Palm oil empty fruit bunch

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Research Intelligence

Data from OpenAlex ↗

Metrics

0.00

FWCIfield-weighted

37th

Percentilevs same year + field

Article

Work type

DIAMOND

Open Access

Topics

Fungal Biology and Applications Primary

0.49

Pharmacology › Medicine › Health Sciences

Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies

0.35

Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions

0.06

Semantic Profile AI-classified research signals

Core Domains

Sawdust 0.96

level 2

Bamboo 0.90

level 2

Ganoderma lucidum 0.69

level 2

Secondary Topics

Mycelium 0.66 Pulp and paper industry 0.61 Chemistry 0.51 Food science 0.47 Botany 0.46 Mushroom 0.44 Horticulture 0.37 Inoculation 0.33 Palm oil 0.33 Textile 0.32 Polyporaceae 0.31 Biodegradation 0.29 Fungus 0.26 Liquid medium 0.25

Institution Network

Bandung Institute of Technology ID
Mustika Dewi · Rakha Pradipa Bhagaskara Susanto · I Nyoman Pugeg Aryantha

References

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MycoWorks. (2020). A story of superior quality ReishiTM. Available from: https://www.madewithreishi.com/stories/performance-results-q120c
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D’Souza, T. M., Merritt, C. S., & Reddy, C. A. Lignin-Modifying Enzymes of the White Rot Basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1999. 65(12), 5307. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.12.5307-5313.1999 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.12.5307-5313.1999
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Haryono, S. Pengantar Ilmu Penyakit Tumbuhan. 1996. Gadjah Mada University.
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Getas IW, Wiadnya Ida BR, Waguriani LA. Pengaruh Penambahan Glukosa dan Waktu Inkubasi Pada Media SDA (Sabauraud Dextrosa Agar) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Jamur Candida albicans. Media Bina Ilmiah, 20148(1) ISSN: 1978 3787.
Baldrian, P., & Valášková, V. Degradation of cellulose by basidiomycetous fungi. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 2008. 32(3), 501–521. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00106.x DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00106.x
Khosravi, C., Benocci, T., Battaglia, E., Benoit, I., & de Vries, R. P. Sugar Catabolism in Aspergillus and Other Fungi Related to the Utilization of Plant Biomass. Advances in Applied Microbiology. 2015. 90, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aambs.2014.09.005 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2014.09.005
Zhou, S., Zhang, J., Ma, F., Tang, C., Tang, Q., & Zhang, X. Investigation of lignocellulolytic enzymes during different growth phases of Ganoderma lucidum strain G0119 using genomic, transcriptomic and secretomic analyses. PLOS ONE. 2018. 13(5), e0198404. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198404
Hatakka, A. Lignin-modifying enzymes from selected white-rot fungi: production and role from in lignin degradation. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 1994. 13(2–3), 125–135.
Memon, A. A., Sughra Mangrio, G., Kaleri, A. A., Kumar, B., Khan, M., Kaleri, R. R., Kaleri, H. A., Kaleri, S. H., & Wahocho, N. A. Effect of Dextrose Sugar on the Growth and Production of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) through Tissue Culture. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences. 2017. 13, 139–142.
Werghemmi, W., Abou Fayssal, S., Mazouz, H., Hajjaj, H., & Hajji, L. Olive and green tea leaves extract in Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida culture media: Effect on mycelial linear growth rate, diameter and growth induction index. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2022. 1090(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1090/1/012020 DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1090/1/012020

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[ref-1] Leather Goods Market Size & Growth | Global Report [2030]. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2023. Available from : https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/leather-goods-market-104405

[ref-2] Dixit, S., Yadav, A., Dwivedi, P. D., & Das, M. Toxic hazards of leather industry and technologies to combat threat: a review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2015. 87(C), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.017

[ref-3] MycoWorks. (2020). A story of superior quality ReishiTM. Available from: https://www.madewithreishi.com/stories/performance-results-q120c

[ref-4] Adesemoye, A. O., & Adedire, C. O. Use of cereals as basal medium for the formulation of alternative culture media for fungi. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2005. 21(3), 329–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-004-3907-4 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-004-3907-4

[ref-5] Suparti, S., Agustina, L., Agustina, P., & Rahmawati, R. The Potential of Breadfruit Seed and Jackfruit Seed as Alternative Replacement Medium of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) with Seedling F0 Mushrooms. Biogenesis: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi. 2019. 7(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.24252/bio.v7i1.6102 DOI: 10.24252/bio.v7i1.6102

[ref-6] D’Souza, T. M., Merritt, C. S., & Reddy, C. A. Lignin-Modifying Enzymes of the White Rot Basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1999. 65(12), 5307. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.12.5307-5313.1999 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.12.5307-5313.1999

[ref-7] Taskirawati, I, Baharuddin & Pratiwi F.A. The bamboo sawdust and addition of em4 as an alternative material for the cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2020. 575(1), 012140. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/575/1/012140 DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/575/1/012140

[ref-8] Paterson, R. R. M. Ganoderma disease of oil palm—A white rot perspective necessary for integrated control. Crop Protection. 2007. 26(9), 1369–1376.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2006.11.009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.11.009

[ref-9] Widyastuti, N. Aspek Lingkungan Sebagai Faktor Penentu Keberhasilan Budidaya Jamur Tiram (Pleurotus sp.). Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan. 2011. 9(3). DOI: 10.29122/jtl.v9i3.473

[ref-10] Saputra, A. A. Pertumbuhan dan produktivitas jamur tiram putih (Pleurotus ostreatus) pada media tanam alternatif serbuk bambu petung (Dendrocalamus asper) dan bekatul. 2019. https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/35885/

[ref-11] Triyono, S. Integrasi budidaya jamur merang (Volvariella volvaceae L) media tandan kosong kelapa sawit (tkks) dengan produksi pupuk organonitrofos. 2019.

[ref-12] Aini, N., Wijonarko, G., & Sustriawan, B. Sifat Fisik, Kimia, dan Fungsional Tepung Jagung yang Diproses Melalui Fermentasi (Physical, Chemical, and Functional Properties of Corn Flour Processed by Fermentation). Jurnal Agritech. 2016. 36(02), 160.

[ref-13] Sulistiawati, I. O., Imaningsih, W., & Mulyanto, A. Formulasi Media Produksi Bibit F2 Jamur Tiram Putih. Bio-Site, 3(1). 2016. 12–18.

[ref-14] Lestari, A., & Jajuli, M. (2017). Isolasi, karakterisasi, dan produksi inokulan jamur merang (Volvariella volvaceae bull. Ex. Fr) sing dari beberapa lokasi budidaya diKarawang. Jurnal Agrotek Indonesia, 2(1), 54–59.

[ref-15] Sudarma, I. M., Wijana, G., Puspawati, N. M., Suniti, N. W., & Bagus, I. G. N. Komparasi Laju Pertumbuhan Miselium Jamur Tiram Putih (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr) Kummer) pada Komposisi Media Bibit (F3) dan Baglog yang Berbeda. AGROTROP. 2013. 3(2), 77–84.

[ref-16] Attias, N., Danai, O., Ezov, N., Tarazi, E., & Grobman, Y. Developing novel applications of mycelium based bio-composite materials for design and archite. Building with Bio-Based Materials: Best Practice and Performance Specification. 2017. 76–78.

[ref-17] Domeño, I., Irigoyen, N., & Muro, J.. Comparison of traditional and improved methods for estimating the stability of organic growing media. Scientia Horticulturae, 2011. 130(1), 335-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.07.012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2011.07.012

[ref-18] Idowu, O. M. O., Oso, A. O., Adeyemi, O. A., Osho, S. O., Idowu, O. P. A., & Ijaiya, A. T. Growth response and apparent nutrient digestibility of weaner rabbits fed with diets containing bamboo leaf meal. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production. 2013. 40(2), 52–58. DOI: 10.51791/njap.v40i2.1166

[ref-19] Haryono, S. Pengantar Ilmu Penyakit Tumbuhan. 1996. Gadjah Mada University.

[ref-20] Kumla, J., Suwannarach, N., Sujarit, K., Penkhrue, W., Kakumyan, P., Jatuwong, K., Vadthanarat, S., & Lumyong, S. Cultivation of mushrooms and their lignocellulolytic enzyme production through the utilization of agro-industrial waste. Molecules. 2020. 25(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122811 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122811

[ref-21] Getas IW, Wiadnya Ida BR, Waguriani LA. Pengaruh Penambahan Glukosa dan Waktu Inkubasi Pada Media SDA (Sabauraud Dextrosa Agar) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Jamur Candida albicans. Media Bina Ilmiah, 20148(1) ISSN: 1978 3787.

[ref-22] Baldrian, P., & Valášková, V. Degradation of cellulose by basidiomycetous fungi. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 2008. 32(3), 501–521. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00106.x DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00106.x

[ref-23] Khosravi, C., Benocci, T., Battaglia, E., Benoit, I., & de Vries, R. P. Sugar Catabolism in Aspergillus and Other Fungi Related to the Utilization of Plant Biomass. Advances in Applied Microbiology. 2015. 90, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aambs.2014.09.005 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2014.09.005

[ref-24] Zhou, S., Zhang, J., Ma, F., Tang, C., Tang, Q., & Zhang, X. Investigation of lignocellulolytic enzymes during different growth phases of Ganoderma lucidum strain G0119 using genomic, transcriptomic and secretomic analyses. PLOS ONE. 2018. 13(5), e0198404. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198404

[ref-25] Hatakka, A. Lignin-modifying enzymes from selected white-rot fungi: production and role from in lignin degradation. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 1994. 13(2–3), 125–135.

[ref-26] Memon, A. A., Sughra Mangrio, G., Kaleri, A. A., Kumar, B., Khan, M., Kaleri, R. R., Kaleri, H. A., Kaleri, S. H., & Wahocho, N. A. Effect of Dextrose Sugar on the Growth and Production of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) through Tissue Culture. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences. 2017. 13, 139–142.

[ref-27] Werghemmi, W., Abou Fayssal, S., Mazouz, H., Hajjaj, H., & Hajji, L. Olive and green tea leaves extract in Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida culture media: Effect on mycelial linear growth rate, diameter and growth induction index. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2022. 1090(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1090/1/012020 DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1090/1/012020