Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content of Crystal Guava Fruit Extract (Psidium guajava Linn. cv Kristal)

Aulia Ulmillah; Marlina Kamelia; Devi Nata Ismiati

doi:10.5614/3bio.2026.8.2.6

Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content of Crystal Guava Fruit Extract (Psidium guajava Linn. cv Kristal)

Published: 2026-01-01 | DOI: 10.5614/3bio.2026.8.2.6 | Vol 8, Issue 2 (2026)

Authors

Aulia Ulmillah

ORCID: 0000-0002-8609-4575 · OpenAlex: A5021231073

Marlina Kamelia

OpenAlex: A5044083538

Devi Nata Ismiati

OpenAlex: A5134373037

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Abstract

Crystal guava (Psidium guajava Linn. cv. Kristal) was known to contain various secondary metabolites, particularly phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which acted as bioactive components with antioxidant potential. Characterization of these compounds is necessary to understand the chemical profile of the crystal guava fruit, especially in the edible portion. The objective of this study was to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid profiles in crystal guava fruit pulp extract with different maturation levels. This study was an experimental laboratory-based analytical study. Fruit pulp samples were dried to a constant weight, then extracted using the maceration method with methanol as the solvent. Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and expressed as gallic acid equivalents, while total flavonoid content was analyzed using the AlCl3 method and expressed as quercetin equivalents. Absorbance measurements were performed using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric test, followed by the Mann–Whitney test to assess group differences. Results showed that the total flavonoid content from three samples was 130.9 mg QE/g extract, 93.3 mg QE/g extract and 185.9 mg QE/g extract. Meanwhile, total phenolic compound content was 198.5 mg GAE/g extract, 210.4 mg GAE/g extract, and 345.0 mg GAE/g extract. Statistical analysis showed significant differences (p<0.05) in the total phenolic and flavonoid content between extract groups. These findings indicate that crystal guava fruit extract has significant variation in phenolic and flavonoid compound content, making it a potential subject for further study in the context of food-based bioactive compound utilization.

Keywords

crystal guava; methanol extraction; phenolic compounds; total flavonoids; total phenolic content

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Topics

Psidium guajava Extracts and Applications Primary

0.93

Pharmacology › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Life Sciences

Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities

0.04

Mangiferin and Mango Extracts

0.00

Semantic Profile AI-classified research signals

Core Domains

Chemistry 0.82

level 0

Maceration (sewage) 0.65

level 2

Food science 0.50

level 1

Secondary Topics

Antioxidant 0.41 Context (archaeology) 0.38 Pulp (tooth) 0.37 Absorbance 0.37 Phenols 0.37 Methanol 0.32 Tannin 0.32 Chromatography 0.29 Crystal (programming language) 0.29 Phytochemical 0.28 Botany 0.25

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Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung ID
Aulia Ulmillah · Marlina Kamelia · Devi Nata Ismiati

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[ref-1] Kumar S, Pandey AK. Chemistry and Biological Activities of Flavonoids: An Overview. Lu KP, Sastre J, editors. The Scientific World Journal. 2013 Jan 29;2013(1). doi:10.1155/2013/162750 DOI: 10.1155/2013/162750

[ref-2] Sayago-Ayerdi S, García-Martínez DL, Ramírez-Castillo AC, Ramírez-Concepción HR, Viuda-Martos M. Tropical Fruits and Their Co-Products as Bioactive Compounds and Their Health Effects: A Review. Foods. 2021 Aug 22;10(8):1952. doi:10.3390/foods10081952 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081952

[ref-3] Islam A, Khalil I, Islam N, Moniruzzaman M, Mottalib A, Sulaiman SA, Gan SH. Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Bangladeshi honeys stored for more than one year. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012 Dec 8;12(1):177. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-12-177 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-177

[ref-4] Maisuthisakul P, Pasuk S, Ritthiruangdej P. Relationship between antioxidant properties and chemical composition of some Thai plants. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2008 May;21(3):229–40. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2007.11.005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2007.11.005

[ref-5] Naseer S, Hussain S, Naeem N, Pervaiz M, Rahman M. The phytochemistry and medicinal value of Psidium guajava (guava). Clinical Phytoscience. 2018 Dec 12;4(1):32. doi:10.1186/s40816-018-0093-8 DOI: 10.1186/s40816-018-0093-8

[ref-6] Díaz-de-Cerio E, Verardo V, Gómez-Caravaca A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A, Segura-Carretero A. Exploratory Characterization of Phenolic Compounds with Demonstrated Anti-Diabetic Activity in Guava Leaves at Different Oxidation States. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 May 11;17(5):699. doi:10.3390/ijms17050699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050699

[ref-7] Hartati R, Nadifan HI, Fidrianny I. Crystal Guava ( Psidium guajava L. “Crystal”): Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant Capacities and Phytochemical Content. The Scientific World Journal. 2020 Sep 1;2020:1–7. doi:10.1155/2020/9413727 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9413727

[ref-8] Camarena-Tello J, Martínez-Flores H, Garnica-Romo Ma, Padilla-Ramírez J, Saavedra-Molina A, Alvarez-Cortes O, Bartolomé-Camacho M, Rodiles-López J. Quantification of Phenolic Compounds and In Vitro Radical Scavenging Abilities with Leaf Extracts from Two Varieties of Psidium guajava L. Antioxidants. 2018 Feb 27;7(3):34. doi:10.3390/antiox7030034 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7030034

[ref-9] Ooi TC, Ahmad Munawar M, Mohd Rosli NH, Abdul Malek SNA, Rosli H, Ibrahim FW, Azmi N, Haron H, Sharif R, Shahar S, Rajab NF. Neuroprotection of Tropical Fruit Juice Mixture via the Reduction of iNOS Expression and CRH Level in β-Amyloid-Induced Rats Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. De la Puerta R, editor. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020 Jan 15;2020(1). doi:10.1155/2020/5126457 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5126457

[ref-10] Rafiquzzaman Md, Hossain MA, Dwip RR, Jahan M, Hasan SMK. Freeze-Dried Instant Juice Powders From Guava, Amla, and Jamun: Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties, Bioactive Compounds, and Consumer Acceptance. Food Sci Nutr. 2025 Jun 12;13(6). doi:10.1002/fsn3.70374 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.70374

[ref-11] Nuur Hanifah H, Saepudin S, Octaviani A. Pengaruh Perbedaan Metode Ekstraksi Terhadap Kadar Senyawa Bioaktif Ekstrak Daun Sirih Hutan Piper aduncum L. Jurnal Ilmiah Ecosystem. 2025 Aug 31;25(2):459–75. doi:10.35965/eco.v25i2.6327 DOI: 10.35965/eco.v25i2.6327

[ref-12] Panche AN, Diwan AD, Chandra SR. Flavonoids: an overview. J Nutr Sci. 2016 Dec 29;5:e47. doi:10.1017/jns.2016.41 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2016.41

[ref-13] Orsavová J, Sytařová I, Mlček J, Mišurcová L. Phenolic Compounds, Vitamins C and E and Antioxidant Activity of Edible Honeysuckle Berries (Lonicera caerulea L. var. kamtschatica Pojark) in Relation to Their Origin. Antioxidants. 2022 Feb 21;11(2):433. doi:10.3390/antiox11020433 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020433

[ref-14] Ozay C, Mammadov R. Screening of some biological activities of Alyssum fulvescens var. fulvescens known as ege madwort. Acta Biol Hung. 2017 Sep;68(3):310–20. doi:10.1556/018.68.2017.3.8 DOI: 10.1556/018.68.2017.3.8

[ref-15] Loucif K, Benabdallah H, Benchikh F, Mehlous S, Souici C Ben, Amira S. Total Phenolic Contents, DPPH Radical Scavenging and β-Carotene Bleaching Activities of Aqueous Extract from Ammoides atlantica. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2020 Jun 30;10(3-s):196–8. doi:10.22270/jddt.v10i3-s.4151 DOI: 10.22270/jddt.v10i3-s.4151

[ref-16] NURHASNAWATI H, SUNDU R, SUKMAWATI A. Study of Curcuma diversity from Central Java, Indonesia for sunscreen and antioxidant activity based on quantitative phytochemical analysis. Biodiversitas. 2024 Jan 17;24(12). doi:10.13057/biodiv/d241249 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d241249

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